Kennedys True Initiative in Times of Crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis :: essays research papers

Introduction Khrushchev must not be certain that, where its indispensable interests are threatened, the US will never strike first. As Kennedy says, In some circumstances we might have to take the initiative. These words, readily published in 1962, became the verification to both Khrushchev and Kennedy that the Soviet core and the United States would be preparing for a nuclear war. One could simply take Kennedys threat at brass section value. The United States in 1962 was a growing empire whose military credentials outmanoeuvred that of the Soviet Union by a decade. Here, outlined, are two factors which prove that prexy Kennedy was technically able to initiate a nuclear war while, also discussed, are two factors that would prove to be a likely source of electronegativity towards such an initiative. Thus, proving that regardless of the military advantage that the United States had over the Soviet Union, President Kennedy did not wish to initiate a nuclear war.Strong-Point/Intro ductory, Key tune 1 Militaristically, the U.S. was in a significantly advantageous situation over Russia. If he wished to, Kennedy would have been capable of striking the Soviet Union with nuclear missiles.In 1962, the U.S. had an estimated 5 100 nuclear weapons while the Soviet Union had only approximately 300.The Soviets Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) were 10 years behind what the Americans were producing.The Americans had stealing undercover agent capabilities far greater than the SovietsoU.S spy satellites were focused on the Soviet.XIn 1962, Daniel Ellsberg, part of the Rand Corporation and later publishing the Pentagon Papers on Vietnam, commented that to show the Russians the U.S. supremacy, it would be simpler to send Khrushchev the precise geographical coordinates of the Soviet ICBM bases at plesetsk, or even copies of the photographs taken by US satellites.oU-2 spy flights were constantly monitoring the progress of the Soviets in order to ensure accurate U S Strategic Military planning.The U.S. had posted military bases surrounding the Soviet Union where until utilising Cuba, the Russians were isolated to posting bases only in the Soviet Union. oIn 1963, there were approximately one million US servicemen stationed in 203 bases in the United States and in 1 040 bases overseas.oDue to the NATO alliance and US foreign assistance programmes, there were another 3.5 million troops bordering the Soviet Union.Body, Key Argument 2 To eliminate the possibility that Kennedy may have wanted to initiate a nuclear war, and was influenced not to, Kennedys personal advisors (his juxtaposed being finance and military) were pressuring him to initiate a nuclear war.

Battle of Lexington :: essays research papers

The American Revolution was a tough time for America and the people who fought it. Many wars were fought and many people died, nevertheless throughout the whole events moments of inspiration were evident. One such time was in the struggle of Lexington which took place on April 19th, 1775 and one such poem the truly reflects it is called The Battle of Lexington which was written by Sidney Lanier. The poem reflects the thoughts of this man and Paul dread during this time.In the first stanza Mr. Lanier tells Paul revere to ride fast and hard to Lexington so he can tell others that the British are coming. It is evident that he has to be in a rush because Lanier says, "While the way is clear". This shows that this option cogency not be open for a long time so Mr. Revere will have to ride fast. In the next stanza, the British are starting to cross the river and so a man name Deven, is trying to help Paul Revere. As he leaves Deven watches him ride into the night with what I recall admiration. Also as he is leaving Deven is watching the British come closer and so I think this is a tragic point for him to accept.As the story goes on it is the next morning, and attention is called to a man named John Parker. At this point the British soldiers along with General Gage were marching toward concord. When this occurred there were also minutemen or the American soldiers waiting there as well to engage in a battle. This is seen in the poem. The man tells John Parker to look impertinent his windows and to witness independence. He says this because both men believe that the American soldiers will win. It is to say that they have no doubt in there minds that they will win. inveterate on, as the British approached concord and so the American soldiers are told to line up in formation. This man asks for all the men of President Lincoln to start get ready to fight. He mentions that through the wounds of this war liberty will be won, because these men know that some will die in order to win. The poet calls Prescott and Revere in hurry. He tells the other men such as Chelmsford, Littleton, Carlisle, and others to line up in formation.

AIDS, Prison, and Preventative Medicine: :: HIV Jail Violence Rape Papers

assist, Prison, and Preventative MedicineThe word prison conjures up thoughts of a dark and deviant subculture, living in a chaotic and destructive milieu out of the sight and mind of mainstream America. Hollywood has skewed our views of pris matchlessrs, painting them as a seemingly irreparable subclass of humans that are only further downgraded and downtrodden by prison lives filled with violence and rape. Certainly the life of a prisoner is tough, and violence is inevitably present in prison systems where gangs frequently play a prominent role in social organization (Conover 2000). However, misconceptions regarding prisons are numerous, and such misconceptions play an important role in how the AIDS problem in prisons is viewed. For example, one of the or so vivid, if non widespread misconceptions surrounding prisons are the stories of forced sexual activity and gang rapesa view likely to lead an outsider to risible that little can be done to prevent transmission of HIV among prisoners. In reality, this aspect of prison has been overdramatized and overemphasized, perhaps as a deliberate sweat to amplify the purported deterring effect that the threat of a prison sentence has on crime. In fact, Ted Conover reports in his first-hand account of the infamous Sing-Sing, one of New Yorks most strike maximum security prisons, that while prison rape still occurs in New York and elsewhere, by far the most common type of prison sex, by and by the autoerotic, is surely consensual. He goes on to say, I would even guess that, at least at Sing, sex between officers and inmates is presently more common than racy sex between inmates (Conover 2000). Such an example is a prime reason why prison officials, politicians and the general public alike need to focus not on the stereotypes of prison behavior, official codes of conduct, and expected or even legal behaviors, but rather what is actually occurring behind prison wallsillegal or legal, for ruin or for worse. If ra pe isnt as widespread in prisons as the average moviegoer might be willing to believeat the very least, it certainly isnt an everyday occurrenceand prisoners are not allowed to have sex or use drugs, then can one expect to see lower incidences of AIDS in prisons? NO As Conovers statement indicates, much of what goes on in prison isnt supposed to take place. Prisoners have sex with each othermost often consensually, but in some instances forciblyand even with guards they take drugs, both injecting and non-injecting they get tattoos they participate in fights that often involve the shedding of blood.

A Crossing of Old and New: Riddle 55 of the Exeter Book Essay -- Riddl

A Crossing of Old and New Riddle 55 of the Exeter Book I power saw in the hall, where heroes drank,carried onto the floor a wondrous woodtreeof four kinds and wound gold,cunningly fastened rate, and part of silver5 and the sign of the cross, which He raised the guidefor us to heaven before He stormed the city of the inhabitants of hell. I can easily tell before noblemen the origin of this treethere was maple and oak and the big(a) yew10 and the dark holly All together they were usefulto the L(l)ord All know one name,gallows that often warded off ( authoritative)a weapon for its liege lord, a treasure in the hall,a gold-hilted sword. Now show me the answer 15 of this song, he who presumes to say in words how the wood is called. Most of the riddles contained in the Exeter Book have been answered to the satisfaction of the majority Anglo-Saxon scholars. One that continues to elude a definitive answer, however, is Riddle 55. Several solutions have been suggested, but only three hav e received critical consideration. Dietrich first offered the solution as scabbard, explaining, The scabbard is richly decorated and divided into quarters by a cross, probably each quarter was made of a different wood (qtd. in Taylor 497). Craig Williamson refutes this answer by pointing out that Anglo-Saxon shields were lined with leather or fleece and sometimes covered with cloth. In addition, the morphological weakness of such a hybrid should be obvious (Williamson 307). Another solution, suggested by Leibermann, is sword rack, to which Williamson remarks, there is no evidence in Old side or in Anglo-Saxon archaeology for the existence of an early English sword rack. There i... ...old as Christs deputy to their thanes. In every case, Riddle 55 deserves all the attention it has received from scholars. Works CitedChaney, William A. The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England The Transitionfrom Paganism to Christianity. Berkeley U of California P, 1970.Chickering, Howell D., Jr., ed., trans. Beowulf. New York fix Books, 1977.Crossley-Holland, Kevin, ed., trans. The Anglo-Saxon World An Anthology.Oxford Oxford UP, 1982.Mitchell, Bruce, and Fred C Bruce, eds. A Guide to Old English. 5th ed. OxfordBlackwell, 1992.Taylor, Keith P. Mazers, Mead, and the Wolfs-head tree A Reconsideration ofOld English Riddle 55. journal of English and Germanic Philology 94.4 (1995) 497-512.Williamson, Craig, ed. The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book. Chapel HillU of North Carolina P, 1977.

The Case of Billy Frank Vickers :: Essays Papers

The Case of Billy Frank VickersAccording to the article, Prosecutors Doubt con game Confession True, by Angela K. Brown, Billy Frank Vickers, condemned inmate, received a fatal injection on Wednesday night January 28, 2004 for a 1993 murder after confessing that he was twisting in about a dozen other crimes, including the shootings that placed a cloud of suspicion over Davis for tercet decades (Brown). Jack Strickland, a establisher public prosecutor in the Davis case, said he had never heard of Vickers and that his claims were a last-ditch attempt to get attention and monkey around with the system. Now the question arises of whether lethal injection was the best option for punishing Billy Frank Vickers, not because he is innocent, but because of the question of whether it is hu homoe to take away someones life by inserting chemicals into his or her body that may cause more pain than contribute ever be imagined. I personally believe that on that point is no justifiable reason to give someone the death penalty as a form of punishment. In the minds of the American public and jurors in nifty cases the perception of lethal injection is of a clean, clinical, and painless end. As stated in the article, Lethal Injection, seventy-one percent of those responding to a 2001 survey considered injection to be the least cruel form of execution (Lethal Injection). This perception is an advantage to the state because the public is much more willing to accept execution in this form and jurors are more willing to convict and pass the death sentence. At times it is understood why the death penalty would be considered in cases. by chance the people are a threat to not only society but also to themselves, and need to be put to death so they can do no harm to anyone. Vickers gunned down a grocery store owner who was probably trying to accomplish a living for himself and his family. Now this man is gone his family is left in agony, and maybe Vickers deserves to die. Some p eople may say an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, but do two wrongs make a right? Some people may consider the death penalty as inhumane. As stated in the article, Naked City, by Rita Radostitz, Texas uses three chemicals in the lethal injection process sodium thiopental (an extremely short-term anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (which paralyses the diaphragm and other muscles so the inmate is unable to shine or speak, even if he is in pain), and potassium chloride (which stops the heart).

The Case of Billy Frank Vickers :: Essays Papers

The Case of Billy Frank VickersAccording to the article, Prosecutors Doubt Inmate excuse True, by Angela K. Brown, Billy Frank Vickers, condemned inmate, received a lethal dig on Wednesday night January 28, 2004 for a 1993 murder after confessing that he was involved in about a dozen other crimes, including the shootings that placed a cloud of suspicion over Davis for three decades (Brown). Jack Strickland, a former prosecutor in the Davis case, said he had never heard of Vickers and that his claims were a last-ditch attempt to get attention and monkey around with the system. Now the question arises of whether lethal injection was the best option for punishing Billy Frank Vickers, not because he is innocent, but because of the question of whether it is humane to take away someones heart by inserting chemicals into his or her body that may cause more pain than can ever be imagined. I personally believe that there is no justifiable reason to give someone the death penalty as a form of punishment. In the minds of the American public and jurors in capital cases the sensing of lethal injection is of a clean, clinical, and painless end. As stated in the article, Lethal Injection, seventy-one percent of those responding to a 2001 survey considered injection to be the least cruel form of execution (Lethal Injection). This perception is an advantage to the state because the public is much more willing to accept execution in this form and jurors ar more willing to convict and pass the death sentence. At times it is understood why the death penalty would be considered in cases. Maybe the flock are a threat to not only society but also to themselves, and need to be put to death so they can do no harm to anyone. Vickers gunned down a grocery store owner who was probably trying to make a living for himself and his family. Now this man is foregone his family is left in agony, and maybe Vickers deserves to die. Some people may say an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, but do two wrongs make a right? Some people may consider the death penalty as inhumane. As stated in the article, Naked City, by Rita Radostitz, Texas uses three chemicals in the lethal injection process sodium thiopental (an extremely short-term anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (which paralyses the diaphragm and other muscles so the inmate is unable to move or speak, even if he is in pain), and potassium chloride (which stops the heart).

Computing project using Microsoft Access Essay

One of the administrative tasks in a hospital is to keep a record of loans to patients of equipment such as wheelchairs and crutches. The patients borrowing the equipment may still be in hospital or they may have been discharged. Records have to be unbroken of what equipment has been borrowed, by whom and when, and as well as if any equipment is not available because it is being repaired. You have been asked to create a computer application to replace the present manual oneness(a) to record the necessary details to enable greater control to be unplowed and so cut down on loss and wastage. origination For this project, I am going to use Microsoft Access. The table below shows my design tasks list for the hospital patient and equipment database. Task Number Object Task Description 1 Patient Table Design the Patient table and the properties of its attributes 2 Equipment Table Design the Equipment table and the properties of its attributes 3 Equipment Status Table Design the Equpstat table for the Equipment manakin Drop-down box 4 Patient Titles Table Design the Titles table for the Patient Form Drop-down box 6 Equipment propound.Design a Report to show current equipment status 7 Equipment Return Letter Design a report, in the style of a letter, which is sent to patients who have overdue equipment. 8 Patient debut Form Design a form to provide a front end for the patient entry table 9 Equipment Booking Form Design a form to book equipment out to patients 10 Main menu Form Design a form which can execute the other forms and records 11 Autoexec Macro Design a Macro that executes automatically on database open and opens the main menu 12 Security Implement some kind of tribute into the database.Design of Equipment Loaning System There are several types of equipment, ranging from wheelchairs to neck collars, and to each one type of equipment is available in different sizes, there are in any case several of each type and size of equipment. When deciding how t o input and store the equipment into my database, I decided that their was two potential paths that I could follow to place the equipment into my database with one record for each type and size of equipment, and having a descend in stock field to represent multiples of equipment types with the same size.The second vogue of representing the data would be to let each individual piece of equipment have its own record. I elected to take the second route, although it would take more space, it would mean that if an item was discredited in someway, a note of the problem could be made in a notes field in the items record. The second problem I discovered was access up with a way of having a code for each individual piece of equipment. Again, I found two main ways of doing this An auto number system, or a system which would allow a user to determine what the equipment is just by looking at the code.I felt that the second way would be a better way of doing this, so I devised a system that f ulfils this requirement (shown below). Item Codes Code Explanation WC Wheelchair CR Crutch EC elbow Crutch NC Neck Collar -J Junior Size -S Small Size -M Medium Size -L Large Size -A Adult Size To get the individual items code, you entirely add a number onto the end of the code. E. g. Junior Wheelchair number 1 would be WC-J1. Using this system, new pieces of equipment can be added with ease, whereas with an auto number system, it would plenteousness up the order of the numbers. Equipment Booking Form DesignSecurity This database holds confidential information about patients, and should therefore be kept secure from illegitimate access, some(prenominal) physically and electronically. As stated in the data protection act, it would be the hospitals responsibility to keep the data secure. I have employed a elemental password protection system into the database, with only one user, as I feel that a multi user password system with different levels of access for each user would be in appropriate in this instance because the only users would be the desk staff, and occasionally the administrator for backup purposes.To provide security on an electronic level, I would recommend making sure there is an appropriate firewall system installed if the terminal the database is running on is connected to any network external to the hospital. I would also recommend a weekly backup to a removable media, kept in a fireproof safe, with back copies kept for as long as possible, in case the system is infected with an undetected Trojan. On a physical level, I would recommend that rooms where terminals have access to the database are kept locked. Implementation Task Number Object Screen Dumps from Access 1.Design View of Patient Form 13 Patient Form entropy View of Patient Form 14 Main Menu Form Design View of Main Menu Form 15 Main Menu Form Data View of Main Menu Form 16 Main Menu Form Show Visual Basic Code utilise 17 Autoexec Macro Screen Dump of Autoexec Macro Patient Table Equipment Table Equipment Status Table Patient Titles Table Entity Relationship Diagram Equipment Report Customer Letter Report Equipment Form Patient Form Main Menu Form Main Menu (Vb Code) For the main menu, I decided to comprise a clock, as it provides a purpose (to tell the time), and also looks good on the form.Equipment Form (Vb Code) For the equipment booking form, I used two visual canonical sub forms the first localises the return date and the out date when the loan out button is pressed, and the second sets the return date and the out date to cipher when the combo box which controls the status of the item is changed. I used this last bit of code because it saves the user having to delete the date manually when the equipment is returned from loan, but it has the downside of having to set the status before pressing the loan out button, otherwise it undoes this action.

Consumer Motivation and the Implication on Marketing

Consumer motivation and the deductive reasoning on marketplaceing Introduction The main purport of marketing is to pull in value for customers so as to help the company to be success. Therefore, it is very all important(p) for marketers to understand its customers, especially on what motivate customers consumption manners so as to establish good marketing strategies. In this report, it aims at analysis consumer motivations. Firstly, it will start with the description the bound of consumers ineluctably as hale as handle different types if ineluctably that consumers work as well as analysis the Maslows needs pecking order and its implications.This is important for understanding customers motivation since it is the staple study of customers that promote their motivations. Secondly, it will mainly look at and understand the move of intention background signal by consumers and then it will describe the operation of the motivations which was adventureed by unsuccessful needs and throughout the way of tension generation, driving, consumer behavior and goal generation.Thirdly, It will look at the motivation strength and Directions, which is mainly about the moment of the motivation that force original(a) crawfish out aim of influence on consumers which induce them to create a certain strength of niping to fulfilled such(prenominal) unfulfilled needs as well as the effect of the external factors which produce a influence that direct consumers to keep decisions. Then, the motivation meshings will be introduced which includes iii main types that are the approach approach conflict, the approach-avoidance conflict as well as the avoidance-avoidance conflict and it will further discuss the implications on making market strategies.Finally, consumers involvement will be discuss, this is the consumers response to their edge of motivations and it shtup be helpful for marketers to evaluation the marketing performance on the influence of consumers motivation. 1. Consumers needs The term of consumers needs is similar to the term of demand and want, which is mainly about a abut or way that smoke repay to severally atomic number 53 individual customers which have their unique history, learning experiences as well as their culture environment (Agrawal, 1989). It is different from consumers otivations, since the need is the intrinsic demand based on the nature or the experience and background of consumers, such as the need of food and drink as well as the need of entertainment. The need offernot be created by marketers however, they stub affect the acquire behavior of customers through their influence on the motivating processes. The need can be seen as the precondition of the motivation progress, since the process of take back consumers motivation is depending on if they have such need as well as if such need is originalized. Generally, the needs can be classified as three types.The first one is the innate needs, whi ch arise from the nature of human being For example people need food, drink, air and shelter. These needs are requisite to maintain their lives and therefore, they are similarly termed as the biogenic needs. The atomic number 16 type of need is named as the psychogenic needs, which is applicable to the thirst to be involved in the society and become a member of a culture. For example, the need of power, statuses as well as affiliation are subject to this category. The third one is called as the utilitarian or hedonic needs. This utilitarian need is a need for a tangible attributes of products as well as its durability.For example, consumers would ilk to buy a fuel economy car rather than a car which consume too much petrol. While the hedonic needs are subjective and experimental. For example, certain customers would like to consume milk of one particular strike out rather than any opposites as they believe it is the best brand milk with high look even through the outlay is higher and the products is of high homogeneous. One of the most important theories on needs is the Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory, which is important for direct marketers understanding the needs of different people and thus setting strategies to better influence their motivations.In Maslows theory, it formulated a hierarchy of needs and in individually level, the specific needs was clarified. The bottom level of need in the hierarchy is the physiological needs, which is the most proponent of all the other(a) needs, since, if these need cannot been met, the human clay would simply cannot continue to function. Examples of such needs are the need of air, water and food which is requirement for survive and the need of clothing and shelter which is requirement of protections. The neighboring level of needs is termed as the safety needs, which is about to satisfy the feeling of security by people.This includes the requirement of personal security, financial security, health and w ell-being as well as the Safety net against accidents or illness and their adverse impacts. The upper level of need is termed as social need. It can be depict as the requirement of human to satisfy their feeling a sense of belongings and acceptance, which include the needs of friendship, intimacy as well as family. The second highest level of need is self-esteem, which is the need by human being to be respected and accepted by others.Generally, there are both types of esteem needs the first one is the need for respect of others, such as the need for status, recognition, frame, prestige and attention. The other one is the need for self-respect, such as the need for strength, competence, mastery, self- authorization, liberty and impeccantdom (Maslow, 1954). The needs at the peak of the hierarchy are self-actualization. It is described as a desire as the desire to become much than and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming (Maslow, 1954).Which illu strate the desire for a person to have its own value is realized in the society. The implication of Maslows needs hierarchy is magnitude for marketers. Firstly, it stated that humans need can be ranked and classified as different level and without the satisfaction of the lower level of needs it would not create motivations for people to fulfill the needs ranked on higher level. Therefore, marketers should adopt strategies approaching to motivations which should specifies certain types of product benefits people powerfulness be searching for, which is depending on the level of needs they are searching for. . Motivation process and goal setting process The term of motivation refers to the processes that cause people to behave as they do (Runyon and Steward, 1987). Generally, it arises when the consumer realized that his or her need was not satisfied or he or she recognized a need that has never been recognized before. The process of motivation begins at the state of tension which res ult in the unfulfilled needs or when new needs were activated. During this stage, consumers would experiment to find several(prenominal) ways to reduce or eliminate such tension.After the needs were recognized and the tensions were generated, consumers will come into the process of goals setting. This process can be described as transferring the intangible feeling of demand and desire to the specific, measureable, attainable and rea runic subjects (Runyon and Steward, 1987). For example, the lacking of water in the organic structure of consumer would create a tension which is an undesirable feeling of thirsty, then the goal of consumer would be eliminate the bad feeling due to lack of water.Another example is that you feel short of confidence when you working in a position which needs high degree of some specific knowledge, this undesirable tension of short of confidence might induce you to find some way of gaining knowledge and make yourself more confident. After the goal was se tting, consumers will formulating a goal intension, such as buying a bottle of juice or water or a decision on take participate in part clock study in universities.Then an action planning is needed to specify the approach of achieving the goal, this is a more detail projects for each consumer, such as what kind of drinks and which brand should be chosen or when, which university should you take participate in and how long should it be enough to improve the knowledge. Then consumers need to make an action cornerstone and the process of control so as to attain the goal (Shail and Antoine, 2006). The implication on the understanding of the goal setting process on motivation is that this can be affected by various factors.An individual consumer would select certain goals rather than others based on factors such as his or her personal experiences, forcible capacity, the academic and culture background as well as the attackibility in the physical and social environment. Also, these fa ctors can be further divided into both types. The first one is the intrinsic factor, which comes from the inside of the consumers themselves, such as the feeling of fitter, stronger and healthier as well as being capable of doing things that they never try before.While the extrinsically factors are those factor outside the consumers themselves. For example, people who are doing routine exercises for the sake of lose weight, gaining muscle or just looking better, even though they might not enjoy the process of exercise itself. Therefore, when considering consumer motivations, it is mainly the extrinsic factors that marketer need to make consideration and investigation so as to generate relevant marketing strategies which can drive consumers to matching their goals with the products that produced by the company.Further, it should in addition be noted that the process of goal setting by consumers are not purely based on motivations, rather, it also based on rationality. The rational ity means consumers would select goals based on the overall intention criteria to satisfy their needs, those criteria include the size, price or the weight. For example, when a consumer decides to buy a radical of flour, he will just choose the home-brand bag produced by the supermarket itself which is simply because this is the cheapest one. Also, customers selecting of certain goals is based on emotional motives which are quire subjective.For example, when certain consumers decides to buy a bag of flour, they would buy some particular brand no matter what the price is and how similar this products to the bag flour on other brands. This implicated that not all goals or not all customers can be motivated, since they also selecting goals based on rationality. therefore, when setting marketing strategies, it is important to understanding the customers behavior as well as what kinds of goal setting process would be more rely on motivating factors.For example, when a company producing a products which is mainly selected under rationality, the company should pay more attention on factors such as the price, size as well as it utilities. While when producing a products which is mainly selected under motivation, the company should invest more on the appearance of the products, the loyalty of the brand as well as advertizing. 3. Motivation strength and directions The motivation strength is used to evaluate the degree or power of the motivation on the process of goal setting, after the goal is attained and the tension is reduced.In this stage, motivation is described as a sort of power that drives consumers to take actions to settle their goals (Koler, 1994). This is specifically importance when there is a conflict between different needs of consumers. For example, a consumer is desired to eat splendid fat food while at the mean judgment of conviction, he or she compliments to lose some weight and being looked better. These two demands are conflict with each other, and then the action by consumers would affected might the strengthens of emotion to pass on the goal, which means, if the consumer has a strong emotion of losing weight, then he or she is more likely to give up a nice dinner.Therefore, it can be be that maintain a certain level of motivation is important for marketer as well, since the competitors are also performed on the market and assay to affect the purchasing decisions on consumers. Marketer should ensure that the strength of motivation on the products is strong enough so as to attract a group of loyal customers can maintain the share on the market. Another important term on the consumers motivation is motivation direction. As mentioned above, the consumers behaviors as well as their specific objective of satisfy a need is goal oriented.However, in many circumstance, there are many alternatives that can be used to satisfy the consumers goals. Therefore, it is very important for marketers to enforcing effective strategies to convince consumers to purchasing their companies products. For example, when a customer decides to choose a transport to help him or her travel from Sydney to Brisbane, there are many alternatives such as travel by flat solid, on the sea or driving by him or herself. Even when he or she decided to take the plane to the destination, there are many air companies as well as different class of seat that are available for his or her to choose.The directions can be either positive or negative and thus it will result in customers goal to be negative or negative. The positive goal is the one that forward to directly directing consumers behavior. Customers driving by these goals will seek products that can help them to attain the goal. For example, a customer may willing to leverage nice flowers so as to make their home more beautiful. However, customers can also been driving by negative goals, as they have certain incentives to sully the negative outcomes (Mower, 1987).For example, a car owner would like to purchase an expensive car insurance, since he want to insure that when there is an undesirable event or any problem on his car, the insurance company could help him solve it in a timely way. 4. Motivational conflicts It is not unusual that consumers have more than one goal and they are motivated by different sources of motivations at the same time. Therefore, in certain circumstances they may conflict of each other and thus, it requires consumers make decision on which goal they want to maintain the most.General, there are three types of motivational conflicts which are the Approach-Approach conflicts, Approach-Avoidance conflicts and Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts. In the Approach-Approach conflicts, a customer needs to choose one goal on the sacrifice of another. This is generally due to the constraint of budgets. For example, a customer may want to buy a control while at the mean time he or she wants to buy a video as well (Engel, Blackwell and Miniard, 1994) . However, the amount of money that he or she has can only afford to satisfy one of the goals but not enough for both.Another reason for such conflict can be the shortage of time. For example, a student wish to attend a football matching in the afternoon but he also have a course at the same time which he is interested in as well. In this situation, only one goal can be achieved. Also, there is much other constraint which limits the ability of one consumer to achieve his or her goals at the mean time. on the sense of marketing strategies, there is no too much solutions for transaction with such dilemma, while marketer may through better understanding the customer behaviors as well as constraint so as to trying to avoid such conflict as possible.For example, football matches should be arranged on weekends as possible so as to avoid the conflict of time for students and those have to work regularly. The other one is the Approach-avoidance conflict. This conflict is the most general on e and it affects marketing strategies the most. This conflict is unremarkably arise from many products or service on the market have both positive effects while at the mean time they can produce some negative consequences as well. For example, many consumers like to drink coffee however, they may not get glide slope to it since it may affect their quality.Another example is that many consumers like to eat nice fat food while at the mean time, they are fairing about getting weight due to the high calories. This conflict of human behavior is also termed as the cognitive dissonance, which arises from the premise that people have a need for order and consistency in their lives (Bagozzi, Gurhan and Priester, 2002). This cognitive dissonance can also create intensions as well, therefore, there is a potential for companies to produce relevant products and being purchased if this products can be well used to solve the problem of conflicts.This process is called as a process of cognitive d issonance reduction. This process is achievable because the cognitive dissonance is a conflict arise from logical inconsistency between two or more beliefs or behaviors (Bagozzi, Gurhan and Priester, 2002), this can be occurred when a customer make a choice on one of the two goods, which is the alternative to each other, by choosing one product and not the other, the person gets the bad qualities of the chosen product and loses out on the good qualities of the non-chosen one.Another way of reducing such conflict is to create a new way to get away from such conflict which is not realized by the present customers. For example, companies may choose to produce caffeine free coffee which produces less effect on humans sleep quality. And also, companies can produce light, sugar free or fat free food which is tasty but with relatively fewer calories. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict As mentioned before, the goals of consumers might not be only satisfy some needs that they have realized, but al so to reduce or eliminate certain unwanted situation that faced by consumers as well.For example, consumers would like to pay insurance on their cars and thus when there are some problems on the car or accidents they can save money and time for worry them. However, the avoidance-avoidance conflicts occur when consumers can only choose one way for avoidance on the sacrifice of another (Wilkie, 1986). For example, customers may face the option of buy a new car which needs to pay a huge amount of money in once or to bear the bad quality of the sr. car as well as the expense of fixing.On the aspect of marketers, this situation is similar to the approach-approach conflict and the way of solving such problems is to trying to avoid such conflict. For example, companies which sold expensive products can prove credit or installation payment for customers, therefore, customers would more willing to purchase such goods without the painful from a protuberance sum payment and facing financing difficulties. The implication on marketing when considering the three conflict is that, since the conflict would produce certain tension on consumers, it can create needs for reducing or eliminating such tensions.While the main purposes for marketers are satisfy the demand of customers, therefore, it can also create purchasing opportunities by offer the possible solutions to those dilemmas. Further, by well understanding the existence of those conflicts, it can help to guide companies produce the right products which have minimum conflicts on consumers choice as well. 5. Consumer Involvement The process of consumer involvement is also an important aspect which is central to activating consumer motivates.This process can be defined as a process of combining the aspect the consumers, the products as well as the situation all together so as to determine the consumers motivation to get access to tie in products entropy (Agrawal, 1989). This is a result of the process of goal setting and motivation, as when customers are cleared about their goals and purpose that can meet their needs, they will take more positive steps to get access to relevant products and pay attention to all relevant information.The degree of the efforts that customers want to pay on the products and information is relevant to their needs, goals, values as well as their already obtained knowledge. While the process of get access and evaluating such information is of particular importance for them to make purchasing decision and therefore, it is also very important for marketers to well understand it. Generally, consumers involvement can be classified into three types based on their purpose as well as the degree of their attentions. The first one is the purchase involvement, which relate to the level of interest during the buying process.This is directly affecting the purchasing behavior of customers and thus, many promotions are aimed to increase the purchasing involvement of customers. The second one is the message response involvement which is mainly about the marketing communication. In the real marketing, there are many Medias that can transfer information to customers however, they have different level of attraction for consumer involvement. For example, advertisement on television would create a low involvement. This is because customers are only need to be passively watching the information without any response.However, other activities such as sales promotion or product show conference would result in more positive responses. For example, many car companies would like to have their newly created cars be showed on some luxury shopping malls this would result in more positive involvement from customers to get access to the information of their products. The third one is the ego involvement, which is relevant to consumers self-concept and it is usually independent from certain particular purchase situations (Foxall, 1994).The implications for marketers on consumer s involvement is that, through consumers may differ due to the level of involvement on getting access to certain product information, marketer still can promote a positive actions to increase customers involvement. This can be achieved by understanding some of the basic factors that increase or decrease attention of customer, the ease of receiving relevant information by customers as well as understanding customers motivation to get access to and process those relevant information. Therefore, marketers can take different kinds of actions to improve customers improvement. 6. ConclusionAs discussed above, the process of consumers motivation is never be a simple term or definition, rather, it is an combine process which leads to consumers achieving their goals and fulfilling their needs. The analysis of consumers motivation for marketer is important and it should be started at the point of analyzing the needs from consumers. As described by Maslows needs hierarchy which presented that humans needs are not incurred simultaneously, rather, they can be ranked in a pyramid and, without the fulfillment of the lower level of needs, the desire of fulfilling the needs at higher level would not be triggered.Therefore, marketers should pay attention on the needs in different level so as to ensure that what they are promoting is on certain level. Also, the process of motivation as well as the motivation strength and directions are analyzed as well, the process of motivation is triggered by the realization of needs, which create certain tension on consumers and they are drive to reduce or eliminate such tensions by embark certain behavior and setting more detailed goals to achieve the purpose.However, the wiliness of strength of motivation is used to evaluation the contribution of motivations as well as the inducement of customers purchasing behavior. Since the ways of satisfying a specific need of customers are always have many alternative, customers motivations can be dir ected by various factors. Further, it is very common that each consumer would have many goals that willing to be achieved at the same time, while some of them are conflict with each other.This situation was termed as motivation conflicts which can bring about many difficulties for marketers, while at the mean time, bring about many opportunities as well. Finally, it also discussed the importance for marketers understanding of customers involvement process, though this process is mainly about customers action on searching relevant products information. This is because many factors that exist in the instauration that can affect the degree of effort on searching the information as well as the ease of get access to relevant information.Reference list Agrawal. M. L. 1989. Marketing of Hips and Lips. Business World. Bagozzi, R. P, Gurhan Canli and Priester, J. R, 2002. The social psychology of consumer behavioyr, Philadelphia, Open University Press. Engel. J. E, R. D. Blackwell and P. W. Miniard, 1994, Consumer Behaviour, 5th editions. The Dryden Press. Foxall, G. R, 1994. Sociology and the study of consumer behavior. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Koler.P, 1994, Marketing Management Planning, Implementation and control. 6th edition. apprentice Hall of India. Maslow, Abraham, 1954. Motivation and personality. New York Harper. Mower, J. C. 1987, Consumer Behaviour. Macmillan Publishing Co. Runyon, K. E and D. E. Steward, 1987. Consumer Behaviour. 3rd edition. Merill Publishing Co. Shail Patel and Antoine Schlijper, 2006, Models of Consumer Behavior. Unilever Corporate Research. Wilkie. W. L, 1986. Consumer Behaviour, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Samuel Rutherford

In 1642 England was starting to seek for changes in the way their regimen was set up. John Locke and Samuel Rutherford were the leaders of this change, duty for the removal of an positive monarch. Their employments would be opposed by the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, during this eighteen-year civil war in England. The ideas represented in this period would heavily influence the way Englands giving medication would be set up in the eighteenth century. In 1644 Bishop Ross, also cognize as John Maxwell, published Sacro-Sancta Regum Majestas. The articles ideas centered on Calvinist resistance scheme and the political theory of Spanish neo-scholastics.In response Samuel Rutherford came come on with his publication, Lex Rex, which translates to righteousness is King. This was the first document proposing rule by virtue and consisted of 44 questions. In Rutherfords thought, power was immediately from God in root. With that cosmos his emphasis he concluded that not only should the magnate not be above the law but should also be subject to it. Lex Rex is the sterling(prenominal) work on the foundation, nature and constitutional government, the Civil Magistrate, and the separate but mutual relationship of Church and State (Ford).The contents of Lex Rex develop the idea of a separation of powers between legislative, administrator and judicial functions. They are to balance one an different in no particular order to combine the best features of monarchic, noble and democratic forms of government. He believes that the real sovereign is the people and that all government officials, including the monarch, should be subject to the rule of law and the rule of men as well. A monarch is contrary to Gods will because it requires subjects to surrender total control to a fallible rule.The position of an absolute ruler is an intoxicating and pestilential force that would potentially lead to negative outcomes. The implementation of laws and government serving as a che ck upon the ruler would be in the best saki of the people (Auchter). In his preferred government the Kings power would be lost when he violates the law because it is a right and even to a peachyer extent a duty for the people to resist such an infraction. The ideas contributed in Lex Rex provided a bridge between early natural law philosophers and those who would further develop these ideas. The ublication lay the seeds to the type of government that would be laid not only in England but in America as well. Shortly into his reign as king, Charles II made it illegal to own a copy of the publication and had them all burned. There are only tetrad confirmed copies left today. John Locke was a philosopher and political theorist from England. He is greatly known for his contributions to liberalism and empiricism. His faith relied in that of human reasoning and believed that just societies were those, which infringed minimally on natural rights and freedoms of its subjects.He claimed t hat a accepted government dep cease on the consent of those being governed. This philosophy was taken greatly into consideration when the founding fathers were drawing up the United States Declaration of Independence. Locke was known to recommend private property and limited government. Lockes association with Anthony Cooper (First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting info about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (Uzgalis).Lockes devil major contributiong pieces of work are Two Treatises of Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In Two Treatises of Government, Locke claims that the sovereignty resides in the people and he explains that humans naturally lived in a state of absolute freedom and quality with no government of any sorts. The earliest form of humans only had to f ollow the law of Nature. During this time individuals allowed themselves to follow their own rights to life, liberty and property. It was soon realized that the contrary outweighed the productive.From this, a civil society was established based on absolute equating and set up a government to settle disputes that would arise in their type of society. The governments power, however, was not made to be absolute. The power of the government was meant to be surrendered to the people themselves and its authority was contractual with applied conditions. If these conditions were deceaseped or abused society has the right to rid of it and create another. With Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke offered the first great defense to empiricism.The publication has to do with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide variety of topics. The main focuses, however, is sensation and reflection. With sensation our senses focus toward the world and subconsciously recei ve information. Within reflection the focus is on our mind itself and how it passively receives ideas. This all originates gumption to our sense of perception. He felt as if our minds were a black tablet, tabula rasa, and that only when we, as infants, start to experience things do our senses to perceive the external world register in our minds.This focus reflected upon the goodness and perfectibility of humanity. His theory had radical implications that, if all humans were capable of reason, education may be able to sp drive to level of hierarchies of status, race or sex. Much of Lockes other works had to do with opposition to authority, while his main focus was to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authority or be subject to suspicion. Thomas Hobbes was the young contemporary of Jean Bodin, though he had contrasting views than him.He was in support of absolute monarchy as he heavily thought that a king was absolutely necessary to protect the subjects of his land. He, like Locke and Rutherford, wrote many great pieces during his life. The two that relate are Elements of Law Natural and Political and Leviathan, his most major piece. Hobbes Elements of Law Natural and Political was a direct product of the intellectual and political conflict going on during the seventeenth century.During the time it was written, Parliament was fighting for power against King Charles I. In this writing he claims that society could only function if it is submitted to the governance of an absolute sovereign. His work was accepted with hostility causing him to flee to Paris where he would use this work as the basis to Leviathan. After the execution of Charles I, Hobbes started writing Leviathan. It is composed into four books Of Man, Of Common-wealth, Of a Christian Common-wealth and Of the Kingdome of Darkness.No differently than Elements of Law Natural and Political, his work was received with hostility as it offended both Loyalists and Parl iamentarians. Even the exiled Prince Charles, who Hobbes had tutored, refused to read the document after seeing how the general public reacted to it. The method in Leviathan is modeled after a geometric proof, founded up principles of each step of line of credit makes conclusions based upon the previous step. Conclusions derived by Geometry are indisputable because each step itself is indisputable.In Leviathan he wanted to base his philosophy off of irrefutable evidence , therefore, fashioning it fact (Sparknotes). Hobbes believed that any form of government capable of protecting its subjects lives and property might act as an all-powerful sovereign. The state exists to rule over individuals and is thus authorise to trample over both liberty and property if the governments survival was at stake. The people must surrender their liberties to a sovereign ruler in exchange for his obligations to keep the peace since man naturally behaves like a wolf.Now, having traded away their libe rties, subjects have no right to win them back and the sovereign could rule as he pleased, free to oppress his subjects in any way except to kill them. The sovereigns main advise would be to preserve the people of their rights. He felt that if the king could not protect his subjects they were to be free from obedience. While Locke and Rutherfords ideas are centered toward a limited monarchy contrasts with Hobbes beliefs of an absolute monarchy is the way to go, there is one thing they all agree upon.None of them believes that the King should be in one hundred percent control. Rutherford suggests that the executives (the kings) decision have to go through a system of checks and balances with a judicial and legislative branch before it can be made permanent. Locke did not believe in a king at all, but rather than total control of a government. He did, however, agrees that if the government were to overstep its boundaries the people could rid of it in order to create another.While Hob bes case is a stretch, due to his strong belief in an absolute sovereign, he believed that if a king could not protect his subjects they were to be free from his obedience. Shortly after these documents were presented King Charles I was beheaded. Cromwell became in control as a monarch until his death when his generals seized power, calling for election of a new parliament. Charles II was soon restored to the throne but did not take on absolute authority. He agreed to follow the petition of Right, agreeing that Parliament would meet at least once every three years.England had thus emerged from this great civil war as a limited monarch which were the ideas suggested by Locke and Rutherford. The works of these three men had a great effect on Englands government. After King Charles I was executed, Hobbes came out with Leviathan pleading for an absolute sovereign, which was immediately taken up by Oliver Cromwell. However, it was the words of John Locke and Samuel Rutherford that preva iled in setting up the limited monarchy that came after and still exists in England and also ended up being the bases to the ideas that the United States constitution was based on.

Importance of Sports Essay

Heres hoping that now you roll in the hay what is the importance of sports. Besidesbeing grave for kids, taking up asports cargonerin adult life, has its own eudaimonias. A sportsperson ofttimes travels to other countries to play matches andin the process, learns a great deal about the cultures of these countries. Eventhe spectators or TV viewers ar thoroughly entertained while watchingprofessional sports, making it an excellent recreational activity. 3 We live in jet age. Life has give out so easier than constantly before. Withadvancing technologies our lives crap become comfortable.But in todaysworld under the spell of technology we are ignoring our health. Even kidsrather than going out and playing with friends prefer watching television,playing ready reckoner games,or surf the net. Playing Sports financial supports us physic tout ensembley fit and mentally alert. It keeps us healthywhich is the most important thing of all as it is indeed equal to all thewealth in the w orld,for you may have money that if you have not got health toenjoy it what is its use ? We have variety of sports to choose from like Basketball, Tennis , Football,Cricket, naiant etc.Besides sports not only helps us to be physically fitbut it also teaches us the values of discipline, loyalty , aggroupwork, hard-workand honesty which helps us to play the crowing game of life A true sportsmancelebrates victory and accepts defeat with a smile. To him winning is notimportant but giving his 100% is But in todays competitive world studies are given more importance. A childdoesnt get enough time to play because of constant pressure of studies andhis parents to perform fail and better.Hence children ,parents andteachers must understand the importance of sports and give the child enoughtime to play as we all know very well that All work and no play makes Jack adull boy 4 IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF SPORTS Have you ever thought why battalion do sports? Absolutely, many people seemno t to know the reasons. As a anectode, in that location are many people who dosports for nothing around us. Everyday we can encounter with these people. They regularly do sports however, none of them realizes the benefits andimportance of sports.In event, ill-doing versa, some people want to be fit andattractive, look smart. Unfortunately, these people cant consider otherbenefits of sports. In my opinion, there are several benefits of sports thatpeople often do not consider sports are required to be healthy people, areneeded for enjoyment, and are great market for countries economies. The first advantage of sports for people is that they help people be healthy,and be fit. Throughout history, people cant give up their interest at their personate. I belive that now many people lovemaking themselves no matter how beautiful or ugly they are.Naturally, peoples first aim should be healthy andfit with the benefits of sports. Due to this fact that Sports keep our bodyhealthy. As a possib le example, imagine that there is a car which has notworked for years. If you try to run the motor engine, it will not work anymoresince it has been rusted and its engine may be broken down. As a result,people is smillar to engines and motors. If we dont do sports, we will beforced to rust, in other words, decomposition of our body afterwards, wemay have some problems with our body when we even need to small walk.Inaddition, sports balance our bodys blood pressure and circulation. Accordingto many researchs which have been done by scientists, we can prove theimportance of sports for our health because 70% middle aged people who didnot do sports in their youth are now struggling with the problems such ashigh tension, trouble with blood circulation, easily become tired due to thelack of sports. The second advantage of sports for people is that they are required for ourdaily lives and competing at the internatinal area because of enjoyment of sports.For many years, sports have been don e by people. For example, haveyou ever thought why people want to play football or other games? The coiffure may be easy since sports are entertaining. They are sometimesmagics as they match our attention and give us pleasure as much as we need. Sometimes overwhelming life conditions may be unfair and make usunhappy. However, if there is a sport activity when we are unhappy, we will likely be motivated and be refreshed again after the sport activity. Thisshould be the most important benefit of sports because many people dosports for this reason.In addition, have you ever thought why millions of people watch World Cup match without breathing? There business leader be somereasons behind the action of watching football match. The most importantone might be the excitement and enjoyment of sport. Football match isexhilating because it gives us pleasure to watch. In the pitch and near thepitch, there are more than 18 men, and they are the representative of oursport culture. Within the e xcitment of sports, countries are able to compete inthe international area.Due to this fact people like sports since they and theircountries are able to compete and beat opponent countries and this is themost important reason to take pleasure from sports. The final and least advantage of sports is that they are the huge market forcountries economy. First of all, if we look at only football industry. There aremore than thousand professional team and at least these team have 25players. If this is calculated, there are approximately 25000 players withoutworking staff, scouts, coaches and managers. This shoud be the largestindustry which employs many people in Turkey.In addition, countries andclubs have to establish new facilities for sports game. Some of them are thelargest buldings in the entire country that represent countries, for exampleAtaturk Olympic Stadium in Turkey. Supplying funds for this buldings may bethe publicity of countries since constructing well designed stadiums hel pcountry preapare or organize big competitons such as World Cup, Olympics,and Tennis Tournaments. Finally, sports allow advertisement companies tomake publicity of strong brands. For example, sponsorship is one of the bestpublicity of one company.Everyone watchs thier favourite team or atlethe,and audiance will probably see the sponsor of team or atlethe. For example, in England, Manchester United which is one of the most powerful clubs ininternational area has a sponsor called Vodafone. I am from Turkey, and Ieven know its sponsor. This will probably show the effectiveness of sponsorship in sports. All in all, we can conclude that there are several advantages and benefits of sports. First, sports are required by people to be fit, smart, and good looking. Second, sports are entertaining due to many facts.Third, sports are the hugemarket for countries economies. In my opinion, despite sports advantages,many people cant believe that sports are useful and beneficial. I hope that inthe future these people will tend to be more optimistically to sports sincethey are the neccessity of our lives. 5 Importance Of Sports The Importance of SportsSports are an important part of just about every society, every country,every part of our planet. In one way or another, everyone is involved insports or some sort, whether theyre playing or watching or just knowsomeone who does either.The importance of sports in the life of a young student is invaluable and goesmuch further than the basic answer that it keeps kids off the streets. Itdoes in fact keep kids off the streets, but it also instills lessons that areessential in the life of a student athlete. Sports play a pivotal contribution in themakeup of a young athlete, especially in the middle school to high schoolyears where student-athletes are much more mature and mentallydeveloped. Where else can a young, pliant youth learn values likediscipline, responsibility, self-confidence, sacrifice, and accountability?Sports come in many varieties. There are individual sports such as golf orteam sports such as football and hockey. Court sports include badminton andsquash. Other categories are gymnastics, martial arts, racing for example theF1 races, obstacle sports such as skating and indoor sports such as chess andcard games. Football, hockey and basketball are team sports. Teams of eleven or sixplayers square off against each other, with team members helping each otherto win as a team. Sports are played for fun or for money (or sometimes both).Just about everysport has both professionals (those who compete for money) and amateurs(those who compete not for money but for fame or for the sake of competition itself). Many amateurs who are really good at their sport becomeprofessionals. Health is wealth. Those who have understood the importance of health willtry to keep themselves fit. Apart from a balanced diet, sports are necessaryto maintain our health. If we do not exercise regularly, our body does notdevelo p the muscles as well as bones become weak.

Lord of the Flies as a Religious Allegory Essay

There atomic number 18 many ways to read master copy of the Flies. To some it is simply an adventure story about a group of boys stranded on a desert island, others interpret it, and see the boys as metaphors for important aspects of our everyday lives. Several different theories have been presented, claiming to explain Goldings symbolism. What many seem to have oerlooked, is that the answer is right there in introductory of them. It is in the title Lord of the flies, a translation of the greek word Beelzebub. And what do most people think about when they light upon this name? The Devil, Satan himself Lord of the Flies is an allegory showing the fight between Christian and Pagan values. The character that more than anyone represents Christianity in the book is Simon. The graduation exercise time you read through the story, he is probably the character that is the hardest to describe and find a purpose for. He is different and does non fit in among the other boys, But if you go deeper into the book, it becomes more and more obvious that Simons life on the island is strikingly similar to the life of another person that did not fit in. A person that lived some 2000 years ago in Israel. Just like Jesus Christ Simon cared about the small and vulnerable, he love nature and all living.Simon is also a prophet. He knows that Ralph will come back to civilization alive. He does not say anything about himself or Piggy. uncomplete Simon nor Jesus are ever scared, because they are certain that what is meant to happen will prevail. They were both able to challenge the unknown and conquer it. Jesus won over death, Simon faced the Beast and came back alive. Jesus did it for all the people living on Earth, Simon for the other boys. What is so puzzling and sad is that they were both killed when they tried to divvy up what they had found out. They were both killed in anger and in the belief that they were evil. On the other side, representing paganism and hedonism, we see Jack and his hunters. All they care about are themselves. They do not want to live by any rules and they do not have any respect for the island, They burn and kill without worries, all to occupy themselves. The tribe loses all features of civilization, the only thing that influences them, except for their own will, is the fear of the Beast. None of them haveever seen an actual monster, but it is a fear of the unknown. In many ways the Beast becomes a religion for the boys.As we know hunters did in ancient times, the choirbboys start to sacrifice part of their prey, They leave meat so that the Beast shall like them and leave them alone. The most abstract and symbolic incident in the book occurs when Simon sees this sacrifice. The symbol of Christianity, and what is good, meets the symbol of the Devil, and all that is evil. We know that Simon is only hallucinating because of his epilepsy, but a lot of what he sees make sense. The sows bloody head convinces him that everything is bad businessThe half shut eyes were contraband with the infinite cynisism of adult life. The Lord of the Flies says Fancy thinking the beast was something you could hunt and kill Im part of you Im the basis why its no go Why things are what they are. What Golding is saying is that the Devil is hidden somewhere deep inside of all people. Without morals, law and grade it will eventually surface and come out.http//www.malvik.vgs.no/engelsk/allegory.htm (1 of 2)4/20/2005 55548 PMallegoryhttp//www.malvik.vgs.no/engelsk/allegory.htm (2 of 2)4/20/2005 55548 PM

Organisational Structure Key terms Chain of command Essay

Chain of command Line linking the top of the structure to the ground represent workersTop to bottomResponsibilityAccountabilityHorizontal People on the same line, but usually in different divisions.A span of control is the number of good deal one person is in charge of.Tall Hierarchal structuresThose with a long chain of commandManagement communicate with those directly below them and moreover down the line. Example Marks and Spencer, Next, theyre normally formal organisations.They are tall because there are a lot of people working for them.Advantages realise chain of commandStaff know where they standThey know who there boss isChances of promotionThey know there entitlements and rightsSpecialist departmentsDisadvantagesTakes more time to acquit a decisionInflexible, people only know there area of work, and raiset concealment for someone who is not in that works in another area.Information might get misinterpreted and distorted along the line of communication because there a re so many links in the chain. render moreWalgreens Organizational StructureMatrix StructureSometimes an organisation needs to run according to what projects they have to do. In these situations people usually work together in a team to achieve their projects goals. A person working on a project would have two bosses, the boss of the department that they work in and the leader or manager of the particular project that they are working on at the moment. A project may cover some or all of the organisations departmental areas.Senior manager heads a division or team of specialists drawn from different departments. A specialist (e.g. finance) can be part of a number of teams or divisionsAdvantagesPromotes coordination between departments cuts across departmental boundaries flexibility and creativityMixture of knowledge and skillsAllows a range of round to be involved which gives good experience.DisadvantagesConfusion between managers who are dealing with a number of projects at one ti meProjects may be evanescentToo many people involved to make decisions.

American Spanish war in 1898, Spain Loses Colonies

It is quite unvoiced to make a conclusion on the particular misadventure that lost 258 American sailors on board the battleship USS Maine, not because of the complexity of the disaster but because of the lack of sufficient findings of the case. Even some writers address the incident as The USS Maine mysteriously blew up. The USS Maine was sent to Havana harbor with a mission to protect US citizens in Cuba. According to Phillip Oppenheim The Spanish immediately apologized but what test there was pointed to an accidental explosion in the Ships magazine (p.101).The findings however was, the cause of the tragedy was an accidental explosion as a ensue of spontaneous combustion in the coalbunker near the powder magazine. This finding was in particular concluded by Hyman G. Rickover, a US Navy Admiral and a scientist, publish in 1976. Hymans findings may be convincing, but then Reckovers findings according to a wikipedia article expect been disputed by US oceanic History Center (W ikipedia).My conclusion on the Cuba incident was the USS Maine was intentionally blown up either by some pro Spanish group such as the Spanish Voluntarios or by Cuban independence fighter in order to spark the war between the fall in State and Spain. Citing chieftain Sigsbee, the commanding officer of the Maine, Evelina Gleaves Cohen pointed out Captain Sigbees message reporting that the USS Maine was destroyed by a Mine. Sigbees message stated, I surmise that her military post was one planted previous to her arrival, perhaps long ago (Cohen, p. 63).It would be reasonable to believe in the survivors account as they have witnessed in detail what exactly had happened. It was intentional as the mine could not be there if it was not planted for that purpose. The only thing that maybe difficult to establish was who were behind this incident. Nonetheless, it serves its purpose. The Origin of the War The origin of Spanish American war cannot be attributed to the so called Cuba incident as the USS Maine were sent to protect US citizens from the hostilities that were orchestrated by pro Spanish Voluntarios which gave the unite States a basis to launch in the warship USS Maine.According to Wikipedia article, the war started after Spain rejected the American posit to resolve peacefully the Cuban struggle for independence. The explosion of the USS Maine may have ignited the already smoking conflict but it was the interest of the United States on Spains overseas territories that led to them to participate in the Cuban political struggles (Wikipedia). The USS Maine According to Oppenheim the USS Maine sailed provocatively into Havana harbor (p. 101).An internet article entitled change magnitude Spanish-Cuban tensions Late 19th Century, mentioned that when the conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, Spain sent 200,000 troops under the infamous general Weyler, too known as the Butcher, to squash the insurrection. Weyler imprisoned large number in concentration camps under the harsh and inhuman condition causing prisoners rapid death especially from disease. This incensed portions of the US public that called out for immediate action which the provoked the US to issue an ultimatum to the Spanish authorities.With Spains refusal to oblige, the US congress passed a declaration of was against Spain earlier to the destruction of the USS Maine (The Spanish American War 1898-1901). Consequences of the Confrontation The consequences of the confrontations on the Spanish authorities were enormous as most of their remaining ships were destroyed aside from more lives that were lost in the battle. But most importantly, Spain wantes all its overseas colonies including their most treasured possession, Cuba. It also marked the collapsed of Spains power.However, the consequences of war on the United States were rather positive. The United States became a world power after it acquired the Spanish colonies (Spanish American War). What loosing Cuba meant for Spain? Basically, it seemed that politically and economically Cuba does not really have such vastness for Spain than any of their colonies in Asia and all other part of the world. Perhaps the importance of Cuba for Spain was that it was during the Cuban rebellion that led to war against the United States, which eventually led to the loss of the remaining overseas colonies of Spain.Cuba was the last image of Spanish greatness and pride thus Spain was determined to keep the country under their control despite squash from the United States to grant independence to the beleaguered colony. What other Colonies were lost by Spain The American victory against Spain enables the United States to acquire Spanish colonies such as the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The Philippines was acquired by the United States after the Spanish forces in the Philippines surrendered manila to Admiral George Dewey in battle of Manila Bay (Spanish American War).The American forces needed the support of Filipino rebels particularly of Emilio Aguinaldo before finally subduing the Spanish forces in the Philippines. After American victory in the Philippines, Spain lost Guam to the United States with out a fight. Spanish Authorities in Guam According to the internet article Spanish American War were unaware that the war had started until American warship arrived in Guam on June 20, surprised the authorities surrendered the island without a fight. Another colony that Spain lost to the United States due to their defeat in the war was Puerto Rico.According to the article, the invasion of Puerto Rico began on afternoon of July 21 from the Guantanamo bay. The invasion was spearheaded by battleship Massachusetts, Dixie, Gloucester, Colunbia and Yale, under the command of Captain of Frances J. Higginson with 3,500 U. S Army troops. Although the US Army encountered pierce resistance but they subsequently over power the Spanish Forces depending the country. Other colonies lost by Spain through treaty a nd sale to the United States were Hawaiian Islands, The Guantanamo Bay, the Virgin Islands, and part of the Samoan Archipelago. ConclusionThe Spanish American war was the continent encounter between the declining super and the rising world power. The war seemed to be that turned over of power by the exiting world power to the United States as the emerging world power. But the lesson that the war may have taught Spain, and the United States was that war was not only a means for settling disputes, but it was also an expression of unsatisfied cravings for more. The Spanish American War (1898-1901) tp//www. sparknotes. com/history/american/spanishamerican/section1. html Spanish American war http//www. conservapedia. com/Spanish-American_War

How does Shakespeare in his final act of Much Ado About Nothing Essay

Question) How does Shakespeargon in his final act of the play put all the pieces of the incur together revealing every characters true nature?Answer) The church scene has interpreted place and the watch has officially unearthed the lawfulness. Act 4 has set the mood for the denouement of the play, where all the pieces of the tease are put together and the true nature of the play being a sunny japery is preserved.Act 5 which is the final act of the play begins with a furious exchange of word surrounded by Leonato and Antonio on wiz side and Don Pedro and Claudio on the another(prenominal). Don Pedro and Claudio are informed about sensations death but they fail to show any sign of remorse. Benedick enters and challenges Claudio to a duel. The military post seems to be getting more complicated just when Dogberry enters along with Borachio and Conrad bound by the watch. Borachio informs Don Pedro of the truth as he says, what your wisdom could not discover, these shallow fool s drive brought to light. Don Pedro and Claudio seek repentance as Leonato asks Claudio to Hang an epitaph upon Heros tomb and since he could not be Leonatos soon-in-law, Leonato asks him to be his nephew by get hitched withing Antonios girlfriend.The play progresses and the hearing for the first time witnesses a somewhat romantic dialogue amidst Benedick and Beatrice. Claudio, as promised by him, sings to Heros grave as he says, Pardon goddess of the dark those that slew thy virgin knight. The play now moves into its final scene where Hero is brought in front of Claudio and Claudio nimblely accepts her. Also, Benedick asks for Beatrices hand in marriage. The news of Don John being caught comes in. The characters however are in a jolly mood and thus postpone Don Johns dilemma and absorb to revel. With this the play ends on a happy note.However, the final act is one of revelation. Not scarcely does it put all the pieces of the play together but as well(p) as exposes the true nature of the characters as well. To start with Hero is technically brought back to life both literally and metaphorically (as the false accusations are lifted). Her holiness is preserved. However, she again appears to be a mere puppet of the patriarchal society as she readily agrees to join Claudio and doesnt even question her father.Claudio has lost respect in the eyes of the audience and his reputation takes one final hit as he appears to be a superficial human. He readily agrees to marry Leonatos daughter, thus showing that he as a person doesnt believe in true lamb. However, when he sees Hero, there is again a complete volte-face in his behaviour and seems to have fallen in love with Hero again. However, it is needless to say that this love is superficial as that is all that Claudio is capable of.Don Pedro who has remained quite all this while and has not put the powers vested in him to good engagement also somewhat redeems himself by repenting at Heros grave. Don Ped ro is a mature and subtle character. However, during the play, the circumstances surrounding him cause him to take irrational decisions. However, in the final act he is quick to understand the situation when Benedick informs him that Don John has fled Messina and when he sees Borachio and Conrad bound by the watch.Leonato, a dupe of self-deception like Claudio, thinks of himself as someone very righteous but doesnt appear so in the church scene when it is most needed. Leonato also makes an unreasonable decision of giving away his daughter to Claudio, the very man who had openly slandered her. The norms of the patriarchal society are so deeply ingrained in him that he fails to be a sensible character. This is seen especially when he easily forgives Don Pedro and Claudio but holds Margaret responsible for(p) as he says, So are(innocent) the prince and Claudio who accused her upon the error that you heard debated. But Margaret was in some brand for this.The merry war also comes to a n end as Beatrice and Benedick decide to marry each other however not without a final war of wits as both claim to love each other unless to the extent that is reasonable. Their love is passionate and is deep-rooted unlike the courtly love of Claudio and Hero. This couple appears to be the stars of the play as they are probably the only characters who manage to maintain a good reputation in the eyes of the audience though initially both appear to be very garrulous in their demeanour.Don John along with his villains is help prisoner and their villainy is also brought to light. The minor characters also make short appearances in this act. Dogberry manages to pull off another set of malapropisms and entertains the audience with slapstick humour. The image of Dogberry being a bumbling idiot remains constant.The play comes to an end pose all the suspense and deceptions to rest. Though the play is a sunny comedy, there still remains brawl over how happy the ending truly is considering that Hero has been asked to remarry Claudio. Also, the friendship between Benedick and Claudio has taken a turn for the worse. Clearly Don Pedro is also somewhat depressed as he is the only person who remains a bachelor and had earlier showed some sparks of attraction towards Beatrice. However, these our minor issues which are resolvable. The major(ip) issues have been resolved and the characters have also matured over the course of the play. Thus, it can be conclusively said that the play ends on a merry note.Act 5 serves as a well organised denouement as all the pieces of the puzzle are put together and the true nature of every character is revealed.

User Authentication Through Mouse Dynamics

16 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 User Au thustication Through fawn Dynamics Chao Shen, savant Member, IEEE, Zhongmin Cai, Member, IEEE, Xiaohong Guan, Fellow, IEEE, Youtian Du, Member, IEEE, and Roy A. Maxion, Fellow, IEEE AbstractBehavior- ground drug rehearser certificate with pointing devices, overmuch(prenominal) as mice or touchpads, has been gaining attention. As an emerging behavioural biometric, cower kinetics aims to address the trademark problem by verifying computer drug substance absubstance absubstance abusers on the basis of their fawn operating(a) styles.This paper presents a simple and ef? cient user stylemark draw near establish on a ? xed reversal-ope dimensionn job. For all in all(prenominal) sample of the lift-operation caper, both traditional holistic births and pertly de? ned procedural singularitys be extracted for accu charge per unit and ? ne-grained impersonation of a users cu rious reversal behavior. blank space-measure and eigenspace-transformation techniques atomic human action 18 applied to cause receive comp angiotensin- mulctverting enzyments for ef? ciently representing the veritable reversal cause space.Then a 1-class learning algorithm is employed in the remoteness-based feature eigenspace for the enfranchisement line of melt. The go about is assessd on a info develop of 5550 lift-operation samples from 37 studycases. Extensive look intoal results argon included to demonst lay the ef? cacy of the proposed approach, which achieves a false-acceptance rate of 8. 74%, and a false-rejection rate of 7. 69% with a corresponding earmark clock time of 11. 8 seconds. devil additional trys are permitd to compare the online approach with any(prenominal) other approaches in the literature.Our selective teachingset is publicly available to still future investigate. Index TermsBiometric, snarf kinetics, bona fideation, eige nspace transformation, unitary-class learning. I. INTRODUCTION T HE quest for a time- evidenceed and convenient guarantor mechanism to authenticate a computer user has existed since the inadequacy of conventional discussion mechanism was realized, ? rst by the security community, and then gradu all toldy by the Manuscript received March 28, 2012 revise July 16, 2012 accepted September 06, 2012. Date of publication October 09, 2012 date of current version December 26, 2012.This do work was back up in rive by the NSFC (61175039, 61103240, 60921003, 60905018), in fictional character by the National intuition Fund for secern Young Scholars (60825202), in part by 863 High Tech Development Plan (2007AA01Z464), in part by the Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20090201120032), and in part by Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (2012jdhz08). The work of R. A. Maxion was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant CNS-07166 77. Any opinions, ? dings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors, and do non necessarily re? ect the views of the National Science Foundation. The associate editor coordinating the appraise of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Dr. Sviatoslav Voloshynovskiy. C. Shen, Z. Cai, X. Guan, and Y. Du are with the MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent electronic cyberspaces and Network Security, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710049, China (e-mail emailprotected xjtu. edu. cn emailprotected xjtu. edn. cn emailprotected xjtu. edu. cn emailprotected jtu. edu. cn). R. A. Maxion is with the Dependable Systems Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA (e-mail emailprotected cmu. edu). Color versions of one or much of the ? gures in this paper are available online at http//ieeexplore. ieee. org. Digital Object Identi? er 10. 1109/TIFS. 2012. 2223677 public 31. As data ar e moved from traditional localized computing purlieus to the new Cloud Computing picture (e. g. , Box. net and Dropbox), the need for better authentication has become more than pressing.Recently, several large-scale password leakages heart-to-heart users to an unprecedented risk of disclosure and abuse of their information 47, 48. These incidents seriously shook public con? dence in the security of the current information infrastructure the inadequacy of password-based authentication mechanisms is becoming a breeding clientele for the correct information society. Of unlike emf solutions to this problem, a particularly promising technique is slip kinetics. reversal dynamics measures and assesses a users lift-behavior characteristics for use as a biometric.Compared with other biometrics such(prenominal) as side, ? ngerprint and voice 20, computer computer blow dynamics is less(prenominal) intrusive, and requires no specialized sonorousware to capture biometric in formation. on that pointfore it is suitable for the current Internet environment. When a user tries to log into a computer system, mouse dynamics only requires her to put forward the login find out and to run a certain sequence of mouse trading trading operations. Extracted behavioural features, based on mouse courses and clicks, are compared to a decriminalise users pro? le. A friction match authenticates the user otherwise her access is denied.Furthermore, a users mouse-behavior characteristics hind end be continually analyse during her subsequent usage of a computer system for identity supervise or intrusion detection. Yampolskiy et al. provide a review of the ? eld 45. Mouse dynamics has attracted more and more enquiry interest over the last decade 24, 8, 1417, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 3941, 45, 46. Although old research has sh probeify promising results, mouse dynamics is still a newly emerging technique, and has non reached an acceptable level of feat (e. . , Euro pean tired for commercial biometric technology, which requires 0. 001% false-acceptance rate and 1% false-rejection rate 10). Most breathing approaches for mouse-dynamics-based user authentication result in a low authentication accuracy or an unreasonably long authentication time. Either of these may limit applicability in real-world systems, because few users are willing to use an unreliable authentication mechanism, or to wait for several proceeding to log into a system.Moreover, previous studies attain favored employ data from real-world environments over experimentally controlled environments, exactly this world may cause unintended side-effects by introducing conflicting factors (e. g. , effects over referable to unalike mouse devices) that may affect experimental results. Such confounds stinkpot discover it dif? cult to attri savee experimental outcomes solely to user behavior, and not to other factors along the long path of mouse behavior, from hand to comput ing environment 21, 41. 1556-6013/$31. 00 2012 IEEE SHEN et al. USER corroboration by MOUSE dynamics 17It should be besides noted that most mouse-dynamics research apply data from both the impostors and the legitimate user to train the classi? cation or detection model. However, in the scenario of mouse-dynamics-based user authentication, usually only the data from the legitimate user are readily available, since the user would choose her speci? c sequence of mouse operations and would not share it with others. In addition, no datasets are published in previous research, which drags it dif? cult for third-party veri? cation of previous work and precludes objective comparisons betwixt unlike approaches.A. Overview of Approach Faced with the preceding(prenominal) challenges, our cogitation aims to develop a mouse-dynamics-based user authentication approach, which can perform user authentication in a short detail of time temporary hookup maintaining high accuracy. By using a controlled experimental environment, we feed isolated in presentnt behavioral characteristics as the primary factors for mouse-behavior analysis. The overview of the proposed approach is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of collar major modules (1) mouse-behavior capture, (2) feature construction, and (3) reproduction/classi? cation. The ? st module serves to create a mouse-operation task, and to capture and interpret mouse-behavior data. The second module is apply to extract holistic and procedural features to characterize mouse behavior, and to map the raw features into distance-based features by using various distance metrics. The third module, in the cooking mannequin, applies kernel PCA on the distance-based feature vectors to compute the predominant feature components, and then installs the users pro? le using a one-class classi? er. In the classi? cation phase, it determines the users identity using the trained classi? r in the distance-based feature eigenspace. B. Purpo se and Contributions of This Paper This paper is a signi? slope extension of an earlier and much shorter version 40. The main utilization and major contributions of this paper are summarized as follows We address the problem of unintended side-effects of inconsistent experimental conditions and environmental variables by restricting users mouse operations to a tightly-controlled environment. This isolates inherent behavioral characteristics as the capitulum factors in mouse behavior analysis, and advantageously reduces the effects of external confounding factors. Instead of the descriptive statistics of mouse behaviors usually adopted in existing work, we propose newly-de? ned procedural features, such as movement animate up curves, to characterize a users quaint mouse-behavior characteristics in an accurate and ? ne-grained manner. These features could go by to a feat boost both in authentication accuracy and authentication time. We apply distance metrics and kernel PCA to obtain a distance-based eigenspace for ef? ciently representing the real mouse feature space.These techniques partially handle behavioral variability, and make our proposed approach stable and robust to variability in behavior data. We employ one-class learning rules to perform the user authentication task, so that the detection model is Fig. 1. Overview of approach. reinforced solely on the data from the legitimate user. One-class methods are more suitable for mouse-dynamics-based user authentication in real-world applications. We present a repeatable and objective valuation procedure to investigate the metier of our proposed approach by means of a series of experiments.As far as we know, no earlier work make informed comparisons amongst different features and results, ascribable to the lack of a standard show protocol. Here we provide comparative experiments to besides examine the validity of the proposed approach. A public mouse-behavior dataset is established (see Section trey for availability), not only for this study but also to foster future research. This dataset contains high-quality mouse-behavior data from 37 wins. To our knowledge, this study is the ? rst to publish a divided up mouse-behavior dataset in this ? eld. This study develops a mouse-dynamics-based user authentication approach that performs user authentication in a short time while maintaining high accuracy. It has several desirable properties 1. it is easy to comprehend and implement 2. it requires no specialized hardware or equipment to capture the biometric data 3. it requires only about 12 seconds of mouse-behavior data to provide good, steady performance. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows Section II describes related work. Section III presents a data- arrangement process. Section IV describes the feature-construction process.Section V discusses the classi? cation techniques for mouse dynamics. Section VI presents the evaluation methodology. Section sevensome presents and analyzes experimental results. Section septenaryI offers a discussion and possible extensions of the current work. Finally, Section IX concludes. 18 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK In this section, we provide compass on mouse-dynamics research, and various applications for mouse dynamics (e. g. , authentication versus intrusion detection).Then we focus on applying mouse dynamics to user authentication. A. Background of Mouse Dynamics Mouse dynamics, a behavioral biometric for analyzing behavior data from pointing devices (e. g. , mouse or touchpad), provides user authentication in an accessible and convenient manner 24, 8, 1417, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 3941, 45, 46. Since Everitt and McOwan 14 ? rst investigated in 2003 whether users could be august by the use of a signature written by mouse, several different techniques and uses for mouse dynamics have been proposed.Most resea rchers focus on the use of mouse dynamics for intrusion detection (sometimes called identity monitoring or reauthentication), which analyzes mouse-behavior characteristics passim the course of interaction. Pusara and Brodley 33 proposed a reauthentication scheme using mouse dynamics for user veri? cation. This study presented positive ? ndings, but cautioned that their results were only earlier. Gamboa and Fred 15, 16 were some of the earliest researchers to study identity monitoring based on mouse movements.Later on, Ahmed and Traore 3 proposed an approach combining keystroke dynamics with mouse dynamics for intrusion detection. Then they considered mouse dynamics as a standalone biometric for intrusion detection 2. Recently, Zheng et al. 46 proposed angle-based metrics of mouse movements for reauthentication systems, and explored the effects of environmental factors (e. g. , different machines). merely only recently have researchers come to the use of mouse dynamics for user au thentication (sometimes called electrostatic authentication), which analyzes mouse-behavior characteristics at particular moments.In 2007, Gamboa et al. 17 extended their approaches in identity monitoring 15, 16 into web-based authentication. Later on, Kaminsky et al. 22 presented an authentication scheme using mouse dynamics for identifying online game players. Then, Bours and Fullu 8 proposed an authentication approach by requiring users to make use of the mouse for trace a maze-like path. Most recently, a full survey of the existing work in mouse dynamics pointed out that mouse-dynamics research should focus on reducing authentication time and taking the effect of environmental variables into mark 21. B.User Authentication Based on Mouse Dynamics The primary focus of previous research has been on the use of mouse dynamics for intrusion detection or identity monitoring. It is dif? cult to shift previous work outright from intrusion detection to authentication, however, because a rather long authentication period is typically required to collect suf? cient mouse-behavior data to enable reasonably accurate veri? cation. To our knowledge, few papers have targeted the use of mouse dynamics for user authentication, which will be the central concern of this paper. Hashia et al. 19 and Bours et al. 8 presented some preliminary results on mouse dynamics for user authentication. They both asked participants to perform ? xed sequences of mouse operations, and they analyse behavioral characteristics of mouse movements to authenticate a user during the login stage. Distance-based classi? ers were established to compare the veri? cation data with the registration data. Hashia et al. collected data from 15 participants using the alike computer, while Bours et al. collected data from 28 subjects using different computers they achieved equal- delusion rates of 15% and 28% respectively.Gamboa et al. 17 presented a web-based user authentication system based on mouse dy namics. The system displayed an on-screen virtual(prenominal) keyboard, and required users to use the mouse to enter a paired username and pin-number. The extracted feature space was reduced to a best subspace through a greedy search process. A statistical model based on the Weibull distribution was built on fosterage data from both legitimate and impostor users. Based on data collected from 50 subjects, the researchers reported an equal-error rate of 6. 2%, without explicitly reporting authentication time.The attempt data were also utilise for feature selection, which may pinch to an overly optimistic estimate of authentication performance 18. Recently, Revett et al. 34 proposed a user authentication system requiring users to use the mouse to operate a graphical, combination-lock-like graphical user interface interface. A little-scale evaluation involving 6 subjects yielded an average false-acceptance rate and false-rejection rate of around 3. 5% and 4% respectively, using a d istance-based classi? er. However, experimental details such as experimental apparatus and interrogatory procedures were not explicitly reported. Aksari et al. 4 presented an authentication framework for verifying users based on a ? xed sequence of mouse movements. Features were extracted from nightspot movements among seven squares displayed consecutively on the screen. They built a classi? er based on scaled euclidean distance using data from both legitimate users and impostors. The researchers reported an equal-error rate of 5. 9% over 10 users data collected from the same computer, but authentication time was not reported. It should be noted that the higher up two studies were performed on a small number of usersonly 6 users in 34, and 10 users in 4which may be insuf? ient to evaluate de? nitively the performance of these approaches. The results of the above studies have been mixed, mayhap due to the realism of the experiments, possibly due to a lack of real differences amon g users, or possibly due to experimental errors or imperfect data. A careful reading of the literature suggests that (1) most approaches have resulted in low performance, or have employ a small number of users, but since these studies do not tend to be replicated, it is hard to pin the discrepancies on any one thing (2) no research group provided a dual-lane dataset.In our study, we control the experimental environment to increase the likelihood that our results will be free from experimental confounding factors, and we attempt to develop a simple and ef? cient user authentication approach based on mouse dynamics. We also make our data available publicly. III. MOUSE DATA ACQUISITION In this study, we collect mouse-behavior data in a controlled environment, so as to isolate behavioral characteristics as the promontory factors in mouse behavior analysis. We offer here SHEN et al. USER AUTHENTICATION THROUGH MOUSE kinetics 19 tidy detail regarding the conduct of data collection, because these particulars can best reveal potential biases and threats to experimental validity 27. Our data set is available 1. A. Controlled Environment In this study, we set up a setting computer and real a Windows application as a uniform hardware and package platform for the collection of mouse-behavior data. The desktop was an HP workstation with a Core 2 Duo 3. 0 GHz processor and 2 GB of RAM.It was equipped with a 17 HP LCD monitor (set at 1280 1024 resolution) and a USB optical mouse, and ran the Windows XP operating system. Most importantly, all system debates relating to the mouse, such as speed and sensitivity con? gurations, were ? xed. The Windows application, written in C, prompted a user to conduct a mouse-operation task. During data collection, the application displayed the task in a full-screen window on the monitor, and recorded (1) the corresponding mouse operations (e. g. , mouse-single-click), (2) the positions at which the operations occurred, and (3) the timestamps of the operations.The Windows-event clock was employ to timestamp mouse operations 28 it has a resolution of 15. 625 milliseconds, corresponding to 64 updates per second. When collecting data, each subject was invited to perform a mouse-operations task on the same desktop computer free of other subjects data collection was performed one by one on the same data-collection platform. These conditions make hardware and software factors consistent throughout the process of data collection over all subjects, thus removing unintended side-effects of unrelated hardware and software factors. B.Mouse-Operation Task Design To reduce behavioral variations due to different mouse-operation sequences, all subjects were required to perform the same sequence of mouse operations. We designed a mouse-operation task, consisting of a ? xed sequence of mouse operations, and made these operations congresswoman of a typical and diverse combination of mouse operations. The operations were selec ted fit in to (1) two elementary operations of mouse clicks single click and double click and (2) two radical properties of mouse movements movement trouble and movement distance 2, 39.As shown in Fig. 2, movement directions are numbered from 1 to 8, and each of them is selected to represent one of eightsome 45-degree ranges over 360 degrees. In addition, three distance intervals are considered to represent short-, middle- and long-distance mouse movements. Table I shows the directions and distances of the mouse movements employ in this study. During data collection, every two adjacent movements were separated by every a single click or a double click. As a whole, the designed task consists of 16 mouse movements, 8 single clicks, and 8 double clicks.It should be noted that our task may not be unique. However, the task was carefully chosen to induce users to perform a wide florilegium of mouse movements and clicks that were both typical and diverse in an individuals repertoire of daily mouse behaviors. 1The mouse-behavior dataset is available from http//nskeylab. xjtu. edu. cn/ projects/mo applyynamics/behavior-data-set/. Fig. 2. Mouse movement directions sector 1 covers all operations performed degrees and degrees. with angles amid add-in I MOUSE MOVEMENTS IN THE DESIGNED MOUSE-OPERATION TASK C.Subjects We recruited 37 subjects, many from within our lab, but some from the university at large. Our sample of subjects consisted of 30 males and 7 females. every(prenominal) of them were right-handed users, and had been using a mouse for a nominal of two years. D. Data-Collection Process All subjects were required to participate in two rounds of data collection per day, and waited at least 24 hours amid collections (ensuring that some day-to-day variation existed within the data). In each round, each subject was invited, one by one, to perform the same mouse-operation task 10 times.A mouse-operation sample was obtained when a subject performed the task on e time, in which she ? rst clicked a start button on the screen, then moved the mouse to click subsequent buttons prompted by the data-collection application. Additionally, subjects were instructed to use only the external mouse device, and they were advised that no keyboard would be needed. Subjects were told that if they needed a break or needed to stretch their hands, they were to do so after they had established a full round. This was intended to prevent arti? cially anomalous mouse operations in the middle of a task.Subjects were admonished to focus on the task, as if they were logging into their own accounts, and to avoid distractions, such as talking with the experimenter, while the task was in progress. Any error in the operating process (e. g. , single-clicking a button when requiring double-clicking it) ca employ the current task to be reset, requiring the subject to redo it. 20 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 circuit card II MOUSE DYNAMICS FEATURES Subjects took between 15 days and 60 days to complete data collection. all(prenominal) subject accomplished 150 error-free repetitions of the same mouse-operation task. The task took between 6. 2 seconds and 21. 3 seconds, with an average of 11. 8 seconds over all subjects. The ? nal dataset contained 5550 samples from 37 subjects. IV. FEATURE CONSTRUCTION In this section, we ? rst extract a set of mouse-dynamics features, and then we use distance-measurement methods to obtain feature-distance vectors for reducing behavioral variability. Next, we utilize an eigenspace transformation to extract principal feature components as classi? er insert. A.Feature Extraction The data collected in Section III are sequences of mouse operations, including left-single-clicks, left-double-clicks, and mouse-movements. Mouse features were extracted from these operations, and were typically organized into a vector to represent the sequence of mouse operations in one ex ecution of the mouse-operation task. Table II summarizes the derived features in this study. We characterized mouse behavior based on two basic eccentric persons of mouse operationsmouse click and mouse movement. Each mouse operation was then analyzed individually, and translated into several mouse features.Our study divided these features into two categories Holistic features features that characterize the overall properties of mouse behaviors during interactions, such as single-click and double-click statistics Procedural features features that depict the detailed dynamic processes of mouse behaviors, such as the movement speed and acceleration curves. Most traditional features are holistic features, which suf? ce to obtain a statistical commentary of mouse behavior, such as the mean value of click times. They are easy to compute and comprehend, but they only characterize general attributes of mouse behavior.In our study, the procedural features characterize in-depth procedura l details of mouse behavior. This information more accurately re? ects the ef? ciency, agility and motion habits of individual mouse users, and thus may lead to a performance boost for authentication. Experimental results in Section VII demonstrate the effectiveness of these newly-de? ned features. B. Distance Measurement The raw mouse features cannot be employ directly by a classi? er, because of high dimensionality and behavioral variability. Therefore, distance-measurement methods were applied to obtain feature-distance vectors and to mitigate the effects of these issues.In the calculation of distance measurement, we ? rst used the Dynamic Time buckle (DTW) distance 6 to compute the distance vector of procedural features. The reasons for this choice are that (1) procedural features (e. g. , movement speed curve) of two data samples are not likely to consist of the exactly same number of points, whether these samples are generated by the same or by different subjects (2) DTW dist ance can be applied directly to measure the distance between the procedural features of two samples without deforming either or both of the two sequences in order to get an equal number of points.Next, we applied Manhattan distance to calculate the distance vector of holistic features. The reasons for this choice are that (1) this distance is independent between dimensions, and can preserve physical interpretation of the features since its count is the absolute value of cumulative difference (2) previous research in related ? elds (e. g. , keystroke dynamics) reported that the use of Manhattan distance for statistical features could lead to a better performance 23. ) Reference Feature transmitter genesis We established the reference feature vector for each subject from her dressing feature vectors. Let , be the training set of feature vectors for one subject, where is a -dimensional mouse feature vector extracted from the th training sample, and is the number of training samples. Consider how the reference feature vector is generated for each subject Step 1 we computed the pairwise distance vector of procedural features and holistic features between all pairs of training feature vectors and .We used DTW distance to calculate the distance vector of procedural features for measuring the similarity between the procedural components of the two feature vectors, and we applied Manhattan distance to calculate the distance vector of holistic features . (1) where , and represents the procedural components of represents the holistic components. SHEN et al. USER AUTHENTICATION THROUGH MOUSE DYNAMICS 21 Step 2 we concatenated the distance vectors of holistic features and procedural features unneurotic to obtain a distance vector for the training feature vectors and by (2) Step 3 we normalized vector to get a scale-invariant feature nd sample covariance . Then we can obtain the mean of such a training set by (5) (6) (3) is the mean of all where pairwise distance vecto rs from the training set, and is the corresponding standard deviation. Step 4 for each training feature vector, we calculated the arithmetic mean distance between this vector and the rest training vectors, and found the reference feature vector with minimum mean distance. (4) 2) Feature-Distance Vector Calculation Given the reference feature vector for each subject, we then computed the feature-distance vector between a new mouse feature vector and the reference vector.Let be the reference feature vector for one subject then for any new feature vector (either from the legitimate user or an impostor), we can compute the corresponding distance vector by (1), (2) and (3). In this paper, we used all mouse features in Table II to generate the feature-distance vector. There are 10 click-related features, 16 distance-related features, 16 time-related features, 16 speed-related features, and 16 acceleration-related features, which were taken together and then transform to a 74-dimensional feature-distance vector that represents each mouse-operation sample. C.Eigenspace Computation Training and task It is usually undesirable to use all components in the feature vector as stimulant for the classi? er, because much of data will not provide a signi? cant degree of uniqueness or consistency. We therefore applied an eigenspace-transformation technique to extract the principal components as classi? er input. 1) Kernel PCA Training Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) 37 is one approach to generalizing linear PCA to nonlinear cases using kernel methods. In this study, the purpose of KPCA is to obtain the principal components of the original feature-distance vectors.The calculation process is illustrated as follows For each subject, the training set represents a set of feature-distance vectors drawn from her own data. Let be the th feature-distance vector in the training set, and be the number of such vectors. We ? rst mapped the measured vectors into the hyperdimensi onal feature space by the nonlinear mapping Here we touch the mapped point with the corresponding mean as . The principal components were then computed by solving the eigenvalue problem (7) where and . Then, by de? ning a kernel matrix (8) we computed an eigenvalue problem for the coef? ients is now solely dependent on the kernel assist , that (9) For details, readers can refer to B. Scholkopf et al. 37. Generally speaking, the ? rst few eigenvectors correspond to large eigenvalues and most information in the training samples. Therefore, for the sake of providing the principal components to represent mouse behavior in a low-dimensional eigenspace, and for memory ef? ciency, we ignored small eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors, using a verge value (10) is the accumulated variance of the ? st largest eigenwhere values with respect to all eigenvalues. In this study, was chosen as 0. 95 for all subjects, with a range from 0 to 1. assembly line that we used the same for d ifferent subjects, so may be different from one subject to another. Speci? cally, in our experiments, we sight that the number of principal components for different subjects varied from 12 to 20, and for an average level, 17 principal components are identi? ed under the threshold of 0. 95. 2) Kernel PCA Projection For the selected subject, taking the largest eigenvalues and he associated eigenvectors, the transform matrix can be constructed to project an original feature-distance vector into a point in the -dimensional eigenspace (11) As a result, each subjects mouse behavior can be mapped into a manifold trajectory in such a parametric eigenspace. It is wellknow that is usually much little than the dimensionality of the original feature space. That is to say, eigenspace analysis can dramatically reduce the dimensionality of input samples. In this way, we used the extracted principal components of the feature-distance vectors as input for subsequent classi? ers. 22IEEE TRANSACTION S ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 V. CLASSIFIER IMPLEMENTATION This section explains the classi? er that we used, and introduces two other widely-used classi? ers. Each classi? er analyzes mouse-behavior data, and discriminates between a legitimate user and impostors. A. One-Class Classi? er Overview User authentication is still a contest task from the pattern-classi? cation perspective. It is a two-class (legitimate user versus impostors) problem. In the scenario of mouse-dynamicsbased user authentication, a login user is required to provide the user name and to perform a speci? mouse-operation task which would be secret, like a password. Each user would choose her own mouse-operations task, and would not share that task with others. Thus, when building a model for a legitimate user, the only behavioral samples of her speci? c task are her own other users (considered as impostors in our scenario) samples of this task are not readily available. In this scenario, therefore, an book solution is to build a model based only on the legitimate users data samples, and use that model to detect impostors. This type of problem is known as one-class classi? ation 43 or novelty/anomaly detection 25, 26. We thus focused our attention on this type of problem, especially because in a real-world situation we would not have impostor renditions of a legitimate users mouse operations anyway. B. Our Classi? erOne-Class Support Vector Machine Traditional one-class classi? cation methods are lots unsatisfying, frequently missing some true positives and producing too many false positives. In this study, we used a one-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) classi? er, introduced by Scholkopf et al. 36, 38. One-class SVMs have been successfully applied to a number of real-life classi? ation problems, e. g. , face authentication, signature veri? cation and keystroke authentication 1, 23. In our context, given training samples belonging to one subject, , each sample has features (corresponding to the principal components of the feature-distance vector for that subject). The aim is to ? nd a hyperplane that separates the data points by the largest margin. To separate the data points from the origin, one inevitably to solve the following dual quadratic programming problem 36, 38 the origin, and is the kernel function. We allow for nonlinear close boundaries. Then the end function 13) will be positive for the examples from the training set, where is the offset of the decision function. In essence, we viewed the user authentication problem as a one-class classi? cation problem. In the training phase, the learning task was to build a classi? er based on the legitimate subjects feature samples. In the exam phase, the test feature sample was projected into the same high-dimensional space, and the output of the decision function was recorded. We used a radial basis function (RBF) in our evaluation, after comparative studies of linear, polynomial, and sigmoid kernels based on classi? ation accuracy. The SVM parameter and kernel parameter (using LibSVM 11) were set to 0. 06 and 0. 004 respectively. The decision function would generate if the authorized users test set is input otherwise it is a false rejection case. On the contrary, should be obtained if the impostors test set is the input otherwise a false acceptance case occurs. C. Other Classi? ersNearest Neighbor and Neural Network In addition, we compared our classi? er with two other widely-used classi? ers, KNN and neural network 12. For KNN, in the training phase, the closest populate classi? r estimated the covariance matrix of the training feature samples, and saved each feature sample. In the testing phase, the nearest neighbor classi? er calculated Mahalanobis distance from the new feature sample to each of the samples in the training data. The average distance, from the new sample to the nearest feature samples from the training data, was used as the anomaly score. after multiple tests with ranging from 1 to 5, we obtained the best results with , detailed in Section VII. For the neural network, in the training phase a network was built with input nodes, one output node, and hidden nodes.The network weights were randomly initialized between 0 and 1. The classi? er was trained to produce a 1. 0 on the output node for every training feature sample. We trained for 1000 epochs using a learning rate of 0. 001. In the testing phase, the test sample was run through the network, and the output of the network was recorded. Denote to be the output of the network intuitively, if is close to 1. 0, the test sample is similar to the training samples, and with close to 0. 0, it is dissimilar. VI. EVALUATION METHODOLOGY This section explains the evaluation methodology for mouse behavior analysis.First, we summarize the dataset collected in Section III. Next, we set up the training and testing procedure for our one-class classi? ers. Then, w e show how classi? er performance was calculated. Finally, we introduce a statistical testing method to further analyze experimental results. (12) where is the vector of nonnegative Lagrangian multipliers to be determined, is a parameter that controls the trade-off between maximizing the number of data points contained by the hyperplane and the distance of the hyperplane from SHEN et al. USER AUTHENTICATION THROUGH MOUSE DYNAMICS 23A. Dataset As discussed in Section III, samples of mouse-behavior data were collected when subjects performed the designed mouseoperation task in a tightly-controlled environment. All 37 subjects produced a heart of 5550 mouse-operation samples. We then calculated feature-distance vectors, and extracted principal components from each vector as input for the classi? ers. B. Training and Testing Procedure Consider a scenario as mentioned in Section V-A. We started by designating one of our 37 subjects as the legitimate user, and the rest as impostors. We trained the classi? er and ested its ability to recognize the legitimate user and impostors as follows Step 1 We trained the classi? er to build a pro? le of the legitimate user on a randomly-selected half of the samples (75 out of 150 samples) from that user. Step 2 We tried and true the ability of the classi? er to recognize the legitimate user by calculating anomaly pull ahead for the remaining samples generated by the user. We designated the scores assigned to each sample as genuine scores. Step 3 We tried and true the ability of the classi? er to recognize impostors by calculating anomaly scores for all the samples generated by the impostors.We designated the scores assigned to each sample as impostor scores. This process was then repeated, designating each of the other subjects as the legitimate user in turn. In the training phase, 10-fold cross validation 24 was employed to choose parameters of the classi? ers. Since we used a random sampling method to divide the data into training and testing sets, and we wanted to account for the effect of this randomness, we repeated the above procedure 50 times, each time with independently selected samples drawn from the entire dataset. C. Calculating Classi? r Performance To convert these sets of classi? cation scores of the legitimate user and impostors into aggregate measures of classi? er performance, we computed the false-acceptance rate ( farther) and false-rejection rate (FRR), and used them to generate an ROC curve 42. In our evaluation, for each user, the outlying(prenominal) is calculated as the ratio between the number of false acceptances and the number of test samples of impostors the FRR is calculated as the ratio between the number of false rejections and the number of test samples of legitimate users.Then we computed the average farthermost and FRR over all subjects. Whether or not a mouse-operation sample generates an alarm depends on the threshold for the anomaly scores. An anomaly score over the threshold indicates an impostor, while a score under the threshold indicates a legitimate user. In many cases, to make a user authentication scheme deployable in practice, minimizing the possibility of rejecting a true user (lower FRR) is sometimes more important than lowering the probability of accepting an impostor 46. Thus we adjusted the threshold according to the FRR for the training data.Since calculation of the FRR requires only the legitimate users data, no impostor data was used for determining the threshold. Speci? cally, the threshold is set to be a variable ranging from , and will be chosen with a relatively low FRR using 10-fold cross validation on the training data. After multiple tests, we witness that setting the threshold to a value of 0. 1 yields a low FRR on average2. Thus, we show results with a threshold value of 0. 1 throughout this study. D. Statistical Analysis of the Results To evaluate the performance of our approach, we developed a statistical test u sing the half total error rate (HTER) and con? ence-interval (CI) evaluation 5. The HTER test aims to statistically evaluate the performance for user authentication, which is de? ned by combining false-acceptance rate (FAR) and falserejection rate (FRR) (14) Con? dence intervals are computed around the HTER as , and and are computed by 5 (15) % % % (16) where NG is the total number of genuine scores, and NI is the total number of impostor scores. VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Extensive experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of our approach. First, we performed the authentication task using our approach, and compared it with two widely-used classi? rs. Second, we examined our primary results concerning the effect of eigenspace transformation methods on classi? er performance. Third, we explored the effect of sample length on classi? er performance, to investigate the trade-off between security and usability. Two additional experiments are provided to compa re our method with other approaches in the literature. A. Experiment 1 User Authentication In this section, we conducted a user authentication experiment, and compared our classi? er with two widely-used ones as mentioned in Section V-C. The data used in this experiment consisted of 5550 samples from 37 subjects.Fig. 3 and Table III show the ROC curves and average FARs and FRRs of the authentication experiment for each of three classi? ers, with standard deviations in parentheses. Table III also includes the average authentication time, which is the sum of the average time needed to collect the data and the average time needed to make the authentication decision (note that since the latter(prenominal) of these two times is always less than 0. 003 seconds in our classi? ers, we ignore it in this study). Our ? rst notification is that the best performance has a FAR of 8. 74% and a FRR of 7. 96%, obtained by our approach (one-class SVM).This result is promising and competitive, and th e behavioral samples are captured over a much shorter period of time 2Note that for different classi? ers, there are different threshold intervals. For instance, the threshold interval for neural network detector is 0, 1, and for one. For uniform presentation, we mapped all of intervals class SVM, it is . to 24 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 TABLE IV HTER PERFORMANCE AND CONFIDENCE INTERVAL AT CONFIDENCE LEVELS DIFFERENT Fig. 3. ROC curves for the three different classi? rs used in this study oneclass SVM, neural network, and nearest neighbor. TABLE III FARs AND FRRs OF USER AUTHENTICATION EXPERIMENT (WITH STANDARD DEVIATIONS IN PARENTHESES) information about mouse behavior, which could arouse performance. Finally, we conducted a statistical test, using the HTER and CI evaluation as mentioned in Section VI-D, to statistically evaluate the performance of our approach. Table IV summarizes the results of this statistical evaluation at different con? dence levels. The result shows that the proposed approach provides the lowest HTER in comparison with the other two classi? ers used in our study the 95% con? ence interval lies at % %. B. Experiment 2 Effect of Eigenspace Transformation This experiment examined the effect of eigenspace-transformation methods on classi? er performance. The data used were the same as in Experiment 1. We applied a one-class SVM classi? er in three evaluations, with the inputs respectively set to be the original feature-distance vectors (without any transformations), the projection of feature-distance vectors by PCA, and the projection of feature-distance vectors by KPCA. Fig. 4 and Table V show the ROC curves and average FARs and FRRs for each of three feature spaces, with standard deviations in parentheses.As shown in Fig. 4 and Table V, the authentication accuracy for the feature space transformed by KPCA is the best, followed by the accuracies for feature spaces by PCA and the or iginal one. Speci? cally, direct classi? cation in the original feature space (without transformations) produces a FAR of 15. 45% and FRR of 15. 98%. This result is not encouraging compared to results previously reported in the literature. However, as mentioned in Experiment 1, the samples may be subject to more behavioral variability compared with previous work, because previous work analyzed mouse behaviors over a longer period of observation.Moreover, we mention that the authentication results of % % by PCA, and % % by KPCA are much better than for direct classi? cation. This result is a demonstration of the effectiveness of the eigenspace transformation in dealing with variable behavior data. Furthermore, we ? nd that the performance of KPCA is slightly superior to that of PCA. This may be due to the nonlinear variability (or noise) existing in mouse behaviors, and KPCA can reduce this variability (or noise) by using kernel transformations 29.It is also of note that the standar d deviations of FAR and FRR based on the feature space transformed by KPCA and PCA are smaller than those of the original feature space (without transformations), indicating that the eigenspace-transformation technique enhances the stability and robustness of our approach. compared with previous work. It should be noted that our result does not yet meet the European standard for commercial biometric technology, which requires near-perfect accuracy of 0. 001% FAR and 1% FRR 10. But it does demonstrate that mouse dynamics could provide valuable information in user authentication tasks.Moreover, with a series of incremental improvements and investigations (e. g. , outlier handling), it seems possible that mouse dynamics could be used as, at least, an auxiliary authentication technique, such as an enhancement for conventional password mechanisms. Our second observation is that our approach has substantially better performance than all other classi? ers considered in our study. This may be due to the fact that SVMs can convert the problem of classi? cation into quadratic optimization in the case of relative insuf? ciency of anterior knowledge, and still maintain high accuracy and stability.In addition, the standard deviations of the FAR and FRR for our approach are much smaller than those for other classi? ers, indicating that our approach may be more robust to variable behavior data and different parameter selection procedures. Our third observation is that the average authentication time in our study is 11. 8 seconds, which is impressive and achieves an acceptable level of performance for a unimaginative application. Some previous approaches may lead to low availability due to a relatively-long authentication time. However, an authentication time of 11. seconds in our study shows that we can perform mouse-dynamics analysis quickly enough to make it applicable to authentication for most login processes. We conjecture that the signi? cant decrease of authenticati on time is due to procedural features providing more detailed and ? ne-grained SHEN et al. USER AUTHENTICATION THROUGH MOUSE DYNAMICS 25 TABLE VI FARs AND FRRs OF DIFFERENT SAMPLE LENGTHS Fig. 4. ROC curves for three different feature spaces the original feature space, the projected feature space by PCA, and the projected feature space by KPCA.TABLE V FARs AND FARs FOR THREE DIFFERENT FEATURE SPACES (WITH STANDARD DEVIATIONS IN PARENTHESES) the needs of the European Standard for commercial biometric technology 10. We ? nd that after observing 800 mouse operations, our approach can obtain a FAR of 0. 87% and a FRR of 0. 69%, which is very close to the European standard, but with a corresponding authentication time of about 10 proceeding. This long authentication time may limit applicability in real systems. Thus, a trade-off must be made between security and user acceptability, and more nvestigations and improvements should be performed to secure a place for mouse dynamics in more p ragmatic settings. D. likeness User authentication through mouse dynamics has attracted growing interest in the research community. However, there is no shared dataset or baseline algorithm for measuring and determining what factors affect performance. The unavailability of an received common dataset (such as the FERET database in face recognition 32) and standard evaluation methodology has been a limitation in the development of mouse dynamics.Most researchers trained their models on different feature sets and datasets, but none of them made informed comparisons among different mouse feature sets and different results. Thus two additional experiments are offered here to compare our approach with those in the literature. 1) Comparison 1 Comparison With Traditional Features As stated above, we constructed the feature space based on mouse clicks and mouse movements, consisting of holistic features and procedural features. To further examine the effectiveness of the features constru cted in this study, we provide a comparative experiment. We chose the features used by Gamboa et al. 17, Aksari and Artuner 4, Hashia et al. 19, Bours and Fullu 8, and Ahmed and Traore 2, because they were among the most frequently cited, and they represented a relatively diverse set of mouse-dynamics features. We then used a one-class SVM classi? er to conduct the authentication experiment again on our same dataset with both the feature set de? ned in our study, and the feature sets used in other studies. Hence, the authentication accuracies of different feature sets can be compared. Fig. 5 and Table VII show the ROC curves and average FARs and FRRs for each of six feature sets, with standard deviations in parentheses.We can see that the average error rates for the feature set from our approach are much lower than those of the feature sets from the literature. We conjecture that this may be due to the procedural features providing ? ne-grained information about mouse behavior, but they may also be due, in part, to (1) partial adoption of features de? ned in previous approaches C. Experiment 3 Effect of Sample space This experiment explored the effect of sample length on classi? er performance, to investigate the trade-off between security (authentication accuracy) and usability (authentication time).In this study, the sample length corresponds to the number of mouse operations needed to form one data sample. Each original sample consists of 32 mouse operations. To explore the effect of sample length on the performance of our approach, we derived new datasets with different sample lengths by applying bootstrap sampling techniques 13 to the original dataset, to make derived datasets containing the same numbers racket of samples as the original dataset. The new data samples were generated in the form of multiple consecutive mouse samples from the original dataset. In this way, we considered classi? r performance as a function of the sample length using all boot strap samples derived from the original dataset. We conducted the authentication experiment again (using one-class SVM) on six derived datasets, with and 800 operations. Table VI shows the FARs and FRRs at varying sample lengths, using a one-class SVM classi? er. The table also includes the authentication time in seconds. The FAR and FRR obtained using a sample length of 32 mouse operations are 8. 74% and 7. 96% respectively, with an authentication time of 11. 8 seconds. As the number of operations increases, the FAR and FRR drop to 6. 7% and 6. 68% for the a data sample comprised of 80 mouse operations, corresponding to an authentication time of 29. 88 seconds. Therefore, we may conclude that classi? er performance almost certainly gets better as the sample length increases. Note that 60 seconds may be an upper bound for authentication time, but the corresponding FAR of 4. 69% and FRR of 4. 46% are still not low enough to meet 26 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECUR ITY, VOL. 8, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 Fig. 5. ROC curves for six different feature sets the feature set in our study, and the features sets in other studies.RESULTS OF TABLE VII COMPARISON WITH SOME TRADITIONAL FEATURES (WITH STANDARD DEVIATIONS IN PARENTHESES) Note that this approach 2 is initially applied to intrusion detection, and we extracted parts of features closely related to mouse operations in our dataset. The reason for this decision is that we want to examine whether the features employed in intrusion detection can be used in user authentication. because of different data-collection environments (2) using different types of thresholds on the anomaly scores (3) using less enrollment data than was used in previous experiments.The improved performance based on using our features also indicates that our features may allow more accurate and detailed characterization of a users unique mouse behavior than was possible with previously used features. Another thing to note from Table V II is that the standard deviations of error rates for features in our study are smaller than those for traditional features, suggesting that our features might be more stable and robust to variability in behavior data. One may also curiosity how much of the authentication accuracy of our approach is due to the use of procedural features or holistic features.We tested our method using procedural features and holistic features separately, and the set of procedural features was the choice that proved to perform better. Specifically, we observe that the authentication accuracy of % % by using the set of procedural features is much better than for the set of holistic features, which have a FAR of 19. 58% and a FRR of 17. 96%. In combination with the result when using all features, it appears that procedural features may be more stable and discriminative than holistic features, which suggests that the procedural features endure more to the authentication accuracy.The results here only p rovide preliminary comparative results and should not be used to conclude that a certain set of mouse features is always better than others. Each feature set has its own unique advantages and disadvantages under different conditions and applications, so further evaluations and comparisons on more realistic and challenging datasets are needed. 2) Comparison 2 Comparison With Previous Work Most previous approaches have either resulted in poor performance (in terms of authentication accuracy or time), or have used data of limited size.In this section, we show a qualitative comparison of our experimental results and settings against results of previous work (listed in Table VIII). Revett et al. 34 and Aksari and Artuner 4 considered mouse dynamics as a standalone biometric, and obtained an authentication accuracy of ERR around 4% and 5. 9% respectively, with a relatively-short authentication time or small number of mouse operations. But their results were based on a small pool of users (6 users in 34 and 10 users in 4), which may be insuf? ient to obtain a good, steady result. Our study relies on an improved user authentication methodology and far more users, leading us to achieve a good and robust authentication performance. Ahmed and Traore 2 achieved a high authentication accuracy, but as we mentioned before, it might be dif? cult to use such a method for user authentication since the authentication time or the number of mouse operations needed to verify a users identity is too high to be practical for real systems. Additionally, Hashia et al. 19 and Bours and Fulla 8 could perform user authentication in a relatively-short time, but they reported unacceptably high error rates (EER of 15% in 19, and EER of 26. 8% in 8). In our approach we can make an authentication decision with a reasonably short authentication time while maintaining high accuracy. We employ a one-class classi? er, which is more appropriate for mouse-dynamics-based user authentication. As menti oned in Experiment 3, we can make an authentication decision in less than 60 seconds, with corresponding error rates are FAR of 4. 9% and FRR of 4. 46%. Although this result could be improved, we believe that, at our current performance level, mouse dynamics suf? ce to be a practical auxiliary authentication mechanism. In summary, Comparison 1 shows that our proposed features outperform some traditional features used in previous studies, and may be more stable and robust to variable behavior data. Comparison 2 indicates that our approach is competitive with existing approaches in authentication time while maintaining high accuracy.More detailed statistical studies on larger and more realistic datasets are desirable for further evaluations. VIII. DISCUSSION AND EXTENSION FOR proximo WORK Based on the ? ndings from this study, we take away some messages, each of which may suggest a trajectory for future work. Additionally, our work highlights the need for shared data and resources. A . Success Factors of Our Approach The presented approach achieved a short authentication time and relatively-high accuracy for mouse-dynamics-based user SHEN et al. USER AUTHENTICATION THROUGH MOUSE DYNAMICS 27 TABLE VIII COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORKAuthentication time was not explicitly reported in 4, 8, 17 instead, they required the user to accomplish a number of mouse operations for each authentication (15 clicks and 15 movements for 17 10 clicks and 9 movements for 4 18 short movements without pauses for 8). Authentication time was not explicitly stated in 2 however, it can be assumed by data-collection progress. For example, it is stated in 2 that an average of 12 hours 55 minutes of data were captured from each subject, representing an average of 45 sessions. We therefore assume that average session length is 12. 5 60/45 17. 22 minutes 1033 seconds. authentication. However, it is quite hard to point out one or two things that may have made our results better than those of pr evious work, because (1) past work favored realism over experimental control, (2) evaluation methodologies were inconsistent among previous work, and (3) there have been no public datasets on which to perform comparative evaluations. Experimental control, however, is likely to be responsible for much of our success. Most previous work does not reveal any particulars in controlling experiments, while our work is tightly controlled.We made every effort to control experimental confounding factors to prevent them from having unintended in? uence on the subjects recorded mouse behavior. For example, the same desktop computer was used for data collection for all subjects, and all system parameters relating to the mouse were ? xed. In addition, every subject was provided with the same instructions. These settings suggest strongly that the differences in subjects were due to individually detectable mouse-behavior differences among subjects, and not to environmental variables or experimental conditions.We strongly advocate the control of potential confounding factors in future experiments. The reason is that controlled experiments are necessary to reveal causal connections among experimental factors and classi? er performance, while realistic but uncontrolled experiments may introduce confounding factors that could in? uence experimental outcomes, which would make it hard to tell whether the results of those evaluations actually re? ect detectable differences in mouse behavior among test subjects, or differences among computing environments.We had more subjects (37), more repetitions of the operation task (150), and more comprehensive mouse operations (2 types of mouse clicks, 8 movement directions, and 3 movement distance ranges) than most studies did. Larger subject pools, however, sometimes make things harder when there are more subjects there is a higher possibility that two subjects will have similar mouse behaviors, resulting in more classi? cation errors. We pro posed the use of procedural features, such as the movement speed curve and acceleration curve, to provide more ? egrained information about mouse behavior than some traditional features. This may allow one to accurately describe a users unique mouse behavior, thus leading to a performance improvement for mouse-dynamics-based user authentication. We adopted methods for distance measurement and eigenspace transformation for obtaining principal feature components to ef? ciently represent the original mouse feature space. These methods not only belabor within-class variability of mouse behavior, but also preserve between-class differences of mouse behavior. The improved authentication accuracies demonstrate the ef? acy of these methods. Finally, we used a one-class learning algorithm to perform the authentication task, which is more appropriate for mousedynamics-based user authentication in real applications. In general, until there is a comparative study that stabilizes these factors, it will be hard to be de? nitive about the precise elements that made this work successful. B. Opportunities for Improvement While previous studies showed promising results in mouse dynamics, none of them have been able to meet the requirement of the European standard for commercial biometric technology.In this work, we determined that mouse dynamics may achieve a pragmatically useful level of accuracy, but with an impractically long authentic