Physical Fitness: Betters Your Golf Game

Although golf may not seem like a sport that would require a lot of physical training, it does. People all over the world underestimate the proper physical training golfers need for their golf game to be at the level he or she aspires it to be at. Golf had always been viewed as a game of leisure, but today’s golfer is leaner, stronger, and fitter. Without spending hundreds of dollars on a teaching professional, and endless stressful hours at the golf course or driving range, one can improve his or her golf game by doing the proper combination of flexibility training, resistance training, cardiovascular training, using appropriate supplements, and eating a well balanced diet on a daily basis. Exercise also increases mental stamina, which lets a person work harder for a longer time (which is great for ones golf game)! Golf and flexibility go hand in hand. Flexibility training basically consists of you stretching and expanding your muscles to a certain extent (Appleton). There are plenty of different ways one can incorporate flexibility training in there daily workout and reduce the risk of future injuries by allowing blood to flow to the muscles. Resistance training is used to develop the strength and size of skeletal muscles, by doing physical workouts which is performed against a force generating resistance through anaerobic exercises (Piazza). It involves a great deal of body awareness, muscle control and coordination- all are key elements for improving a golfer’s game (Moorehouse). Golf deals with a great amount of aerobic exercises. Cardiovascular training places stress on the cardio respiratory system and strengthen the heart, lungs, and muscles through aerobic exercises (Pederson). It also is great for increasing ones endurance. Using the appropriate supplements will help fill the gaps in ones diet and provide sufficient, qualities of vital minerals that are often missed in processed foods (Kybartas). Vitamins and minerals are important to a high-quality performance because ones body is getting the proper nutrients it needs, and they help assist the body in muscle repair which decreases muscle soreness (Pederson). Eating a well balanced diet on a daily basis helps keep a person energetic and fit no matter his or her age (Arora). Flexibility is defined as the absolute range of movement in a joint or series of muscles that is attainable in a momentary activity that requires muscle involvement (Appleton). Most golfers do not take into consideration flexibility when it comes to training for golf but being flexible is a key component to the golf swing everyone desires. The three types of flexibility training are: functional, corrective, and active. Functional Flexibility is the ability of the pieces of the skeleton to move freely, easily, and fluidly float through the ranges of motion the joints and hinges were designed for (Anderson). It also has excellent enhancement on the extensibility of soft tissue. Corrective Flexibility is when one alters their joint motions and improves their muscle imbalances. Active Flexibility is the ability to assume and maintain extended positions using only the tension of the agonists while the antagonists are being extended (Anderson). No matter how similar the flexibility training is, each phase requires its own specific stretching techniques. Functional flexibility uses self-myofascial release and dynamic stretching such as yoga; corrective flexibility also uses self-myofascial release but instead of dynamic stretching it requires static stretching such as using a thick, large rubber band to stretch; and active flexibility is again using self-myofascial release just requiring active-isolated stretching such as lifting your leg and holding it in position with out any help from a person or piece of equipment (Quinn). Doing the correct stretching in the three different phases is beneficial also to ones health rather than just flexibility by reducing muscle tension and helping one be in a more relaxed state, on the physical and mental side. It also can reduce injury time after getting hurt, muscles soreness after a heavy workout, and decrease the chance of injuries. Stretching increases any golfers ability to perform what their swing coach is constantly telling him or her by about having the right â€Å"touch and feeling†, especially when trying to accomplish specific tasks by simply having the appropriate weight on each side of their body and eliminating the pressure in their grip which travels up their entire arm. Flexibility training is most important for golfers because it helps develop body control and awareness, allowing it to be easier to perform the exact motions in the golf swing that a swing coach asks of. Stretching a highly recommended and very important before, during, and after a round of golf not only to increase the player’s flexibility but to allow their body to swing more freely and improve club and distance control (Piazza). To be fully successful in the game of golf the player needs to attain a well balanced shoulder turn and reach a high finish by swinging the club, and to increase their range of motion, they need the proper flexibility training (Piazza). Resistance training is any type of exercise that causes the muscles to contract against an external resistance with the expectation of it increases in mass, tone, strength, and/or endurance (Doan). The external resistance training can be used with dumbbells, cables, rubber exercise tubing, ones own body weight, kettles, resistance bands or any object that can cause the muscles to contract. Cross training is one of the best forms of resistance training for a golfer because it lets the body do similar swing motions with cables as ones body would do during their natural back swing and follow through (Doan). Resistance training is a crucial component to improving ones golf game, and is beyond beneficial to the golfer itself. Resistance training can reduces the risk of a player injuring his or her self, the recovery time after an injury occurs, increase muscle control, reduce muscle soreness, and improve the performance of the player (Kuzmic 65). To develop greater power with less effort one must have balanced muscle developed in their body. This is most important because it lets the player generate more club head speed and hit the ball harder without using excess effort and causing tension on the swing (65). The key to hitting the ball straight is all in proper muscle balance and development allowing the golfer to use less effort and maintain relaxation as he or she applies more power. Also, there are many situations one can put his or her self into on the course such as, being in heavy sand, deep rough, or a bad buried lie where just pure strength is useful (67). Cardiovascular training is an aerobic form of exercise that helps develop the heart, the lungs, and the vascular system (Thomas). Improving your cardiovascular system can boost energy, increase endurance, stamina and therefore mental focus. A quality cardiovascular workout will do wonders for a person’s body by improving their lungs, heart, and lowering their heart rate and blood pressure. Exercise also builds up the immune system helping to protect ones body from illnesses (Pederson). Good cardiovascular activities one can do to have an effective workout without owning a gym pass is swimming, jogging, running, brisk walking, bike riding, jump roping, and rowing. If some prefer their local gym and being indoors rather than outdoors there are also many good types of equipment that can be used such as; the treadmill, an indoor bike, the stair master, and the elliptical. Many golfers tend to focus a bit more on their cardiovascular workout because golf and cardio training are connected whether some may believe it or not. Since exercise increases mental stamina as well physical, it gives the golfer the ability to work hard for a longer time, which is ideal in golf (Pederson). An average golfer takes approximately eighty to two hundred swings per round, carries about a forty five pound golf bag on a course that can be flat or angulated and is five to six miles long, with a round that can last anywhere from four and a half to six hours long. These factors all add up to a golfers tendency to make improper choices in shot selection, decrease of leg drive in the follow through, and shank shots as the round comes closer to the eighteenth hole. Muscles of the core are the powerhouse of a good golf swing, so therefore proper conditioning such as cardiovascular training will make a huge difference in the power one gets from longer shots (Quinn). When people think of performance-enhancing sports nutrition supplements, they probably do not think of golfers. Well taking appropriate supplements is beneficial for a golfer because a good supplement will let them keep mental focus longer and play better golf. A good supplement will help fill the gaps in a diet and provide vital minerals that are usually missed in processed foods that are important for the body, in order to have a high quality performance (Kybartas). A quick and easy alternative to fatty, unhealthy foods are shakes or protein bars because a golfer knows they are getting the right balance of carbohydrates, protein, and fats, and plus they can eat them on the go or carry them in their golf bag for during the round or practices (Matics). Amino acids are extra important to have before and after cardio and resistance training because it will help prevent muscle soreness by giving off protein directly to the muscles and can effectively maintain neurotransmitters in the brain for after workouts (Brewer and Gorosteroga). When using the appropriate supplements a golfer is increasing his or her endurance, health and fitness level on and off the golf course allowing them to live a better, healthier life and be more successful on the golf course. Eating a well balanced diet on a daily basis helps keep a person’s well being stable such as; their health, energy level, physical appearance, and athletic performances because when one has the right eating habits on a daily basis they are in less risk of being obese, having a stroke, having high blood pressure, diabetes, or osteoporosis (Kuzmic 123). Eating five or six small meals a day rather than three large meals helps increase the metabolic rate, feeling hungry between meals and over eating during meals, it also helps keep a persons energy level up, maintain the proper blood sugar level, and reduces the chance of getting a head ache (Arora). A healthy balanced diet one should follow on a daily basis consists of eating the appropriate amounts of foods from the five basic food groups which are: carbohydrates, vegetables, fruit, dairy, and protein. One also needs the six essential nutrients to live and perform well, those being: carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins, and water (Home Health-UK). Knowing when, what, and how to eat can really make a difference in a golfers game (Kuzmic 128). A full stomach can cause the body to switch attention and blood flow to the digestive system instead if the muscles that are essential for golf, therefore it is not recommended to eat too much before a round of golf or during the round. Hydration is an crucial component in the successfulness of ones golf game, a golfer should drink any where from eight to ten glasses of water a day (Breland). Staying hydrated helps a golfer stay away from getting lightheaded, and weak on the course. Small portioned, portable, healthy snacks such as cut up fruit, granola bars, or whole wheat crackers are good to eat during a round because they are full of slow-burning fuel that can help a golfer get through a round without fatigue (Kuzmic 128). So with that said, eating a balanced diet on a daily basis helps a golfer stay fit and keep their energy level Being physically fit is the component to playing the round of golf every golfer desires for. And to achieve that, one must do the proper combination of flexibility training, resistance training, cardiovascular training, use appropriate supplements, and eat a well balanced diet on a daily basis. If one does those five simple key ingredients, they will find themselves driving the ball further, having better ball control, being more accurate with their shots, and keeping the right mental and physical stamina on the golf course. All it takes is a few hours a week of physical training and changing a few bad eating habits and one is closer to a more enjoyable round of lower scores. When a golfer builds up their golf energy by being flexible, achieving resistance for their swing, having a stronger mental and physical endurance by cardio, adding nutritional supplements, and eating good healthy foods, they can become a stronger golfer and enjoy the game of golf even more.

Online Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Integrated marketing communication – the evolution of a concept The IMC approach has received almost instant recognition at the end of the 1990s, as a result of the existing trends to reduce the budget allocated to mass advertising campaigns and to concentrate on segmented or personalised communication with final consumers. The increased fragmentation of media and customers, as well as the revolution introduced in mass communication by the new communication channels – internet and mobile communication technologies – has created the need for a new approach to marketing communication, that can insure centralised management and a consistency of corporate messages sent towards various audiences. The concept of IMC was defined in many different, often contradictory, ways: Pickton and Broderick (2001) claim that synergy is the principal benefit of bringing together the various facets of marketing communications in a mutually supportive way. Definition proposed by Keegan et al. (1992, p. 631): Integrated marketing communications is the strategic co-ordination of all messages and media used by an organisation to collectively influence its perceived brand value. At the heart of this definition is the assumption that the credibility and value of both the company and its brand(s) will increase, when messages transmitted to various audiences become consistent across time and targets. Another definition proposed by Duncan (2002, p. 8) demonstrates the current conceptual perception of IMC: A cross-functional process for creating and nourishing profitable relationships with customers and other stakeholders by strategically controlling or influencing all messages sent to these groups and encouraging data-driven, purposeful dialogue with them. The notion of stakeholders implies the shift in the IMC concept from customer target audiences to the inclusion of key stakeholder groups such as employees, investors, suppliers, distributors, media and the social community. The most significant organisation barriers for the implementation of the IMC concept: * lack of horizontal communication; * functional specialisation; * decentralisation; * lack of IMC planning and expertise; * lack of budget; * lack of database technology; * corporate culture; and * fear of change. The impact of the internet technology on marketing communication: The rapid development of the internet in the last ten years has changed the classical communication procedures (Blattberg and Deighton, 1991; Holtz, 1999), because of three specific and co-existent characteristics that differentiate it from any other communication channel: * Interactivity. The internet offers multiple possibilities of interactive communication, acting not only as an interface, but also as a communication agent (allowing a direct interaction between individuals and software applications). The traditional communication channel was uni-directional, Even when communication was considered a two-way process, the institutions had the resources to send information to audiences through a very wide pipeline, while the audiences had only a minuscule pipeline for communicating back. Now, the communication channel is a network, not a pipeline. Communicators have grasped and even embraced this new proximity, fact demonstrated by the vast number of web sites which display â€Å"Contact Us† buttons and links. However, in most of the cases, these new facilities are not fully used. * Transparency. The information published online can be accessed and viewed by any internet user, unless this information is specifically protected. * Memory. The web is a channel not only for transmitting information, but also for storing information – in other words, information published on the web remains in the memory of the network until it is erased. The new realities of how audiences get and use information: * The audience is connected to the organisations * The audience is connected to one another * The audience has access to other information * Audiences pull information (info has to be available where audiences can find it, and it must be customizable) { Today, we get messages from multiple media channels: email, voice mail, faxes, pagers, cell phones, interoffice memos, overnight courier packages, television (with hundreds of channels), radio, internet radio, etc. As a result, the media that used to provide an efficient channel of communication for practitioners have become now only noise that most of the audiences have learned to filter out} Different definitions of IMC: Some retail organisations track the interaction between the online user and their web site: â€Å"the time spent by a client on a specific web page can represent an indication of his/her present interest†. â€Å"We use the results provided by our online behaviour tracking system to create personalised promotions targeted to individual customers†. The meaning is not simply transmitted, but has to be negotiated separately with each online audience. The message needs to be adapted to the specific level of understanding and interpretation of each public, but, on the other hand, has to express the same core organisational values, in order to display a coherent organisational image If the company attempts to reach foreign audiences, the message needs to be adapted to the cultural specificity of the overseas public. This raises important questions regarding the possibility of integrated online marketing communication in the global context: â€Å"we often communicate with customers from various cultural and economic backgrounds. In these conditions we must apply a clear segmentation and positioning strategy, in order to match the needs of every cultural group with our marketing messages.† The specific characteristics of the internet therefore create two conflicting tendencies: (1) the fragmentation of audiences and communication contexts requires the customisation of online marketing messages; but (2) the interactivity, transparency and memory of the web necessitates the consistency of communication and the coherence of the transmitted meaning Below figure presents the place of integrated online marketing communication in the online CRM process of the firm. The customer data/feed-back collected online is used directly to better design and implement the online integrated marketing communication, which are then targeting selected online audiences. Correctly implemented, the IMC program is a continuous cycle of gathering data and implementing response-generating marketing communication which is based on previously gathered consumer data. the specific characteristics of the internet are making the implementation of integrated online marketing communication both inevitable and efficient for an online organisation. The transparency, interactivity and memory of the internet force the organisation to adopt a proactive-reactive attitude in online communication, and to combine consistency and continuity with flexibility and customisation. These characteristics can be integrated by designing and implementing a specific model of integrated online marketing communication. The use of advanced online applications to collect customer data and feed-back information is paramount for the success of the online communication campaign (O’Malley and Mitussis, 2002). Because of the high interactivity of the internet, the communication process has become a real-time dialogue. Important issues relevant for the implementation of integrated online marketing communication have not been addressed because of space and methodology limitations. These areas can represent the subject of future research projects investigating: the management process of integrated online marketing communication; the criteria used for selecting and combing various channels in the online communication mix; the relation between the organisation and web advertising agencies; or the challenges raised by the general integration and co-ordination of online and offline (traditional) communication.

Essay questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Essay questions - Assignment Example Constitution were universal and should be shared with everyone. By the end of the 19th century, the Monroe Doctrine was to come into full effect in a war with the Spanish. Not only would the Americans take control of Spanish possessions in the Caribbean such as Cuba, Puerto Rica, and other islands, but as the war expanded so would the remit of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States would gain control of the Philippines, far from its own shore, and attempt to remake the Spanish colonialism political system in its own image. The result would be a bloody conflict fought with Filipino insurgents that would take America many years to quell. Following the American victory over Spain and the taking of the Philippines, there was a great deal of tension between the U.S. and the locals. This came to a head in 1899 when American soldiers shot some Filipinos. Things quickly got out of hand with both sides raising armies and fighting conventional wars. The Americans rapidly defeated the convention Filipino forces, killing two of their best generals and pacifying many of the urban areas. During this period, the President appointed distinguished Americans to investigate conditions in the Philippines and report back on ways to improve the administration of the country. The first Commission’s report was a rejoinder to those who argued America had no place in Southeast Asia: Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn, the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy, which would excuse, if it did not necessitate, the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them. Only through American occupation, therefore, is the idea of a free, self-governing, and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable. And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and

Causes of Failures of Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Causes of Failures of Construction - Essay Example As the paper discusses  the difference between procedural failures and technical failures is that the former happen because of human errors while the latter occur because of physical proximate causes. In a vast majority of cases, technical failures are an outcome of the procedural failures. Procedural failures include but are not limited to the problems of communication between the parties involved in the project, and lack of resources. On the other hand, technical failures include such circumstances as settlement of the structure because of inadequate soil compaction.   This paper discusses the administrative causes of failure in the construction projects. Administrative causes of failure of a construction project are fundamentally controlled by the project management. Management’s ability to cope with both the internal and external factors of risk for a certain construction project plays a decisive role in determining the success of a project. Causes of failure of construction projects discussed in this paper include human and organizational aspects and change management with referral to certain case studies.  Canyon Views Project is a project of construction of villas in DHA Phase II Extension, Islamabad, Pakistan. Bridgestone Construction Company has served as the general contractor on this project.  One reason for the delay of accomplishment of milestones is the frequency of change of project managers of the general contractor.  ... Management’s ability to cope with both the internal and external factors of risk for a certain construction project plays a decisive role in determining the success of a project. Causes of failure of construction projects discussed in this paper include human and organizational aspects and change management with referral to certain case studies. Case Study: Canyon Views Project Canyon Views Project is a project of construction of villas in DHA Phase II Extension, Islamabad, Pakistan. Bridgestone Construction Company has served as the general contractor on this project. Although the project is in progress and cannot be considered as a failure altogether, yet the individual milestones in the way of execution of the project were not timely accomplished due to which the customers of villas had to wait for considerable time to enter their villas after making the payment. One reason for the delay of accomplishment of milestones is the frequency of change of project managers of the g eneral contractor. Bridgestone Construction Company saw many changes of project manager. Within just the first two years of the start of project’s execution, at least three project managers had been changed. Some left the company on their own after working in it for some while while the others were terminated b the general manager (GM). The reason project managers could not stay for long on the project was not quite hidden from the workforce. The GM had had so much influence and control on the project, that he would not let the project managers exercise their rights as a project manager on the construction site. Any decision taken by the project managers seeked approval of GM before

Ancient Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient Art - Research Paper Example explanation on the manner by which the works of art fit into the context of the time period, as created between 30,000 BCE- 500 CE to be classified as Ancient Art. A research from the three official websites of the (1) The Metropolitan Museum of Art; (2) The Louvre Museum; and (3) The Smithsonian Institution Freer Gallery and Sackler Gallery, generated several suggestions of ancient art. However, given the specified time frame, two works of art fall within the category. One was the Terracotta amphora (jar) from The Metropolitan Museum of Art as it was disclosed to have been created within 490 BC. The other work of art was the Attic Red-Figure Amphora, which was classified as an aryballos, allegedly a perfume container, or a very small jar, which was created within the 500 to 490 BC time frame. These two works of ancient art have similarities in terms of the form, both are receptacles or jars. The Terracotta amphora (jar) was reportedly made from terracotta as the medium; while the Attic Red-Figure Aryballos was made from clay. These works of art were both created within the same time frame, about 490B.C. and shows the red figure as the images within these receptacles. The Terracotta amphora jar had the following dimensions H. 16 5/16 in. or 41.50 cm; while the Attic Red-Figure Aryballos was noted to be smaller with the following dimensions, to wit: H. 8.8 cm; or 8.6 cm. Both background colors were predominantly black to enhance the color red figures. Both the Terracotta amphora jar and the Attic Red-Figure Aryballos were was noted to be from the Ancient Greek culture. Both are also representational objects, where the former was noted to be apparently used for decorative purposes; while the latter was a perfume container, which was reportedly hanged in the wrists of athletes (Attic Red-Figure Aryballos). It was described in the first art work that the image was supposed to represent the â€Å"a musician in a long, slim garment accompanies himself on the kithara, a

Proposal report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposal report - Assignment Example In the modern society where internet has revolutionized the way of conducting communication among individuals, groups and departmental units, web based internal administration system bears a special relevance. This system allows managers to manage projects effectively, thereby ensuring that operational efficiency is achieved with minimal errors. Thus, this research proposal is about one such web based internal administration system and its associated characteristics, which will enable the manager of a construction company to conduct all its business processes very effectively. The construction industry throughout the world is splintered due to involvement of many stakeholders and phases in a construction project (Yi and Hwang, 2003). As a result of this fragmentation, construction companies have faced number of well documented problems with information processing and communication (Maurer, et al., 2000; Thorpe and Mead, 2001). In addition to that, fragmentation has also been largely responsible for creation of adversarial relationships between parties involved in a particular project (Alshawi and Ingirige, 2003). This fragmentation has been widely believed as the cause of low productivity in construction companies (Dossick and Sakagami, 2008). With the advent of information technology, modern and innovative information technology tools are being increasingly used by construction companies in order to minimize certain problems associated with fragmentation (Lee and Yu, 2012). The utilization of information technology in the form of web based project management applications has resulted in improvement of collaboration and coordination between companies participating actively in a construction project (Han, et al., 2008). Consequently, the communication practices between functional units in the construction organization are

19th century Romanticism in France Research Paper

19th century Romanticism in France - Research Paper Example He bathes himself in the emotional zeal and beliefs of the French Revolution and greatly admires Napoleon Bonaparte. He outwardly professes to be a monarchist all the while secretly reading Rousseau’s Confessions by candle light. For Stendhal then, Sorel serves as a means of expressing the pain many French Romantic thinkers and writers felt when trying to reconcile the lofty ideals of the eighteenth century Enlightenment with the realities of the French Revolution. It is important to recall that throughout the eighteenth century France was the philosophical heart and soul of the Enlightenment. Its language was most often the preferred prose for its expression. French after all was the language of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and Condorcet (among others). In their ideas, however, there already developed a troubling dichotomy: the belief that science could answer any question and that man, if he so chose, could better himself using that same science. The eighteenth century’s â€Å"rising middle class proclaimed new political ideas: democracy and patriotism. It had a new conception of morality: civic virtue and heroism† (Antal 1935, p. 160). The Enlightenment sought to apply science and â€Å"rationalize† every part of society. Thus it was irrational for a king to have absolute power. It was rational for the people to determine things. If only the latter were the case then society’s ills would be no more. Of course the end result could not have been farther from these ideals: with the French King beheaded and the social order laying ruins, France of the 1790’s was the place of murder, mayhem, and inhumanity. The ideals of â€Å"liberty, fraternity, equality† were a mockery. And when Napoleon brought order he did so only after crowning himself emperor and thus demonstrated that order in France was only possible if there was a strong monarch. Stendhal was a believer in the French Revolution and himself

Definition of the Feel Good Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of the Feel Good Company - Essay Example Feel Good addresses the need for variety and flexibility. The Company has been performing well because it has sold a million bottles of its products every month in the year 2007. This kind of performance is relatively good indicating that the company's market share is on a steady rise. The market for soft drinks is cross generational and surpasses most age groups. However more emphasis is placed on the younger generation because they are the ones who are keen on new products and easily embrace emerging trends. (Jefkins, 1994) The company offers a range of chilled juices and fizzled drinks. The market is segmented into groups of people who take their meals at different times of the day. There are the lunchbox and breakfast markets. The Company's main competitors are the well established names in the fizzled drinks sector. These are companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi. This means that the company has to compete against the strong brand image that Coca Cola has established. This company is also characterised by strong captivating advertisements and promotions. Pepsi is also acclaimed for its reputable brand image. Feel Good Drinks also has to compete against other companies that produce chilled juices. These include Tropicana and Minute companies. Some of the brands which Feel Good has introduced that compete against the latter mentioned companies include Tangerine, Mandarin and Apple; Golden Kiwi and Lime. Key marketing objectives that need to be addressed Establishing a strong brand image for Feel Good Company-the Company is competing against a number of well established companies and needs to impact consumers with a captivating image. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) Making the products offered stand out- Customers need to be able to identify the company with something unique. There are a number of drinks in the market and Feel Good needs to inform customers that it is the best choice using its marketing tools. Ensure that the products offered by the company make the customers feel good after purchasing the item-this is the main reason that will maintain a steady flow o customers because they will not regret the choice they have made to purchase the item. Marketing communications strategy Evaluation of marketing communication tools The first alternative that Feel good can use is the internet. The internet allows the company to have a geographically wider market thus enabling the products to reach a wider audience. This communications tool has a low cost set up due to its low barrier in the entry to the products market. (Masaki and Helsen, 2004) Another element is personal selling; this marketing communication tool could be used by the company to get its products in the market, pushing the consumers to the point of purchasing the products. Personal selling is a way of maintaining personal customer relations in which the sales person will be acting on behalf of the company, these person should be trained and should be having the personal selling techniques, though hiring them is expensive the company could use them because there is a genuine return on investments. Feel Good can also use exhibitions to make new contacts and renewing old contacts. This will be used to increase the awareness of products to the consumers thus

History 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History 1 - Essay Example He understood the weaknesses of Germany and came to the realization that conflicts within the European region were not possible anymore because all the superpowers would be engaged in a more large-scale conflict. Based on this assumption, Bismarck laid out the essential guiding principles of German policy. First, Bismarck argued that Germany should refrain from continuing its territorial expansion; rather, all the powerful nations excluding France should compete with one another for Germany’s alliance. Moreover, the conflict among these powerful nations would be massive enough to prevent them from collaborating against Germany. Second, Bismarck had a rational understanding of international relations and the importance of the balance of power. Third, he regarded it crucial to prevent the Russians from building an alliance with France which would consequently pressure and endanger the Reich on both sides. Initially, Bismarck focused on Germany’s alliance with Russia and A ustria. This alliance facilitated the realization of Bismarck’s foreign policy objectives: it effectively secluded France and gained the friendship of two European superpowers. He took advantage of alliances to control his allies. Bismarck believed that it was crucial for Germany to cut off a resentful France from European relations. Hence, he built an alliance with Austria-Hungary. Afterward, the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy was formed. He also strived to sustain a diplomatic agreement with Russia so as to prevent an alliance between Russia and France that would pressure Germany to wage war against these two superpowers. Basically, the Triple Alliance was meant to keep France at bay. It declared that if France attacked Italy without any reasonable purpose, Austria-Hungary and Germany would help Italy. Accordingly, if France attacked Germany, Italy would help the latter. In summary, Bismarck’s major foreign policy goal was to strengthen and build up the Second Reich, and his foreign policy was therefore aimed against France. 2) However, in these chapters, as well as Chapter XVI, â€Å"Emperor William II†, he also revealed the difficulties he actually experienced in carrying out his policies, both within Germany at the highest levels, as well as in his diplomatic dealings with Russia. Which of the two did he imply posed the greater danger to the stability, safety, and survival of the Second Reich? The economic gains of subsequent years were able to conceal the major problems of the Second Reich, particularly after the rise of Wilhelm II to power. In his letters, Bismarck clearly revealed what he perceived are the real threats to the Second Reich: his diplomatic relations with Russia and his relationship with Germany’s monarchy. But he named the latter as a greater threat to the survival of the Second Reich. Wilhelm II did not have sufficient strategic and political skills. In foreign policy, Bismarck strug gled to help the young Reich develop in terms of diplomacy. Yet, his plan for the future of Germany was grander than sheer peace. His alliances with Russia and Austria not merely strengthened the Reich’s international influence, but also protected monarchies against the pressure of radical socialism. However, paradoxically, it was the growing influence of Germany’s social democracy that created the problems for the Second Reich.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Case Study - Essay Example For the general information from the Head Office a mail feedback form should be available on the system of the employee. Since the employees are not functioning from offices Instant Messages through virtual messengers can’t be used because simultaneous online presence of employees is impossible. The Daily Correspondence can be effectively handled through emails and single text message can be used to convey information to all the employees instantaneously. In case of inter personal communication with a personalised message on the mobile phone, to check email can help. Alternately, all employees can be asked to activate mobile phone message flash for every email received with help Internet service provider and mobile phone operating company. Another effective way to coordinate communication will be by asking all employees to check their emails at least thrice a day. This will ensure deliverance of routine correspondence and messages. Another alternate way is to flash a message o n the telephone asking the employees to check their emails for time sensitive information. Telephonic conversation should be used to convey bad news messages. The employee delivering the message can add a sobering influence in such a case. In case of some bad news or emergency messages, that relates to all the employees, email should be used and a simultaneous message to check emails can be delivered on the cell phones. ii) When most of the staff are telecommuters and operate largely from virtual offices, the cheapest, the fastest method, the most reliable and foolproof method of communication is through online Instant Messaging. The messenger of any commercial operator like AOL, Yahoo, or Google can be used. Alternately, a small and a specific web application can be developed that is installed on the telecommuter’s computer system. The moment, the computer is switched on, the telecommuter goes online. A buddy list on everybody’s messenger can be

Pornography Essay Example for Free

Pornography Essay The rising debate concerning pornography has stirred and separated societies in the way it promotes the concept of free speech while at the same time disregarding values and morals of a particular ideology. Such variation in the spectrum of interpretation has left the debate in a controversial and difficult position. In the end, it all boils down to the capabilities of an individual to synthesize the issue not on the perspectives of bias or subjectivity, but how objectively facts will point out to the reality. The chapter highlighted and elaborated on the important arguments and facts concerning the issue of pornography in the United States. Seeking to showcase an evolutionary framework, the author has pointed out the controversial and important issues besetting pornography. By showing the different viewpoints among varied sectors in society, the reader can have an active look of the arguments that are in place. Each part can be subdivided to the several accounts of people who justify the place of pornography in society and also its relative critics who deem it to be immoral and unjust. The first part of the argument deals with the evolution of how censorship had deemed the freedom of expressing one’s idea towards a certain field or art. A typical era or period history has seen manifestation of social control over what is considered lewd and indecent. According to (‘The First Amendment’) â€Å"over the centuries different generations have defined and redefined what is considered publicly indecent. † (p. 270) The next section of the chapter focuses on the controversial film and the characterization of Larry Flynt. The movie; The People vs. Larry Flynt, has been hounded by controversy and criticisms over its detractors. Furthering the argument, the chapter focused on several comments given by members of the media that manifest a support for the film. On the other side, the points of critics were also shown in the article so as to balance and maintain an objective course. Seeing this, Flynt and its supporters including the director and staff argue on behalf of the First Amendment and free speech and the man’s dedication over things while critics’ arguments circumvent on moral and degenerative issues it creates among women, children and American society as a whole. The next section of the chapter highlights the arguments for and against controlling the propagation of indecent materials over the internet. It can be argued that the rise of technology not only gave more accesses to children but at the same time stimulated and enhanced the industry of pornography. The article shows the failure of the Communications Decency Act to promote such efforts of control pornography in the internet. The (‘The First Amendment’) chapter states that â€Å"the court, while disagreeing about some issues in the case, unanimously concluded that reducing online communication to a safe-kids standard is unconstitutional† (p. 290). This basis is again garnered and derived from the First Amendment Rule. With this, the article again presented arguments for and against the Supreme Court ruling. It showcased the positive effects it can do to create information about certain relevant things deemed immoral and obscene by several people. On the other hand, seeking the protection of the innocent and children have catapulted critics into disagreeing to the arguments presented by the court. (‘The First Amendment’) article states that â€Å"there is no reason that the laws that govern the distribution of the other â€Å"indecent† material to children in the form of magazines and videos should not apply in the internet as well (p. 94)† Analysis After seeing and reading the arguments presented by both supporters and critics alike of pornography, several issues can be seen. First is that every argument mentioned revolves around a particular principle. For supporters it involves the issue of freedom of speech and expression. While on the other hand, the issue of values and morality surround critics’ views. Second, the idea of establishing the foundation of which side is right remains to be difficult since both arguments for and against the issue of pornography hold their equivalent ground. Looking closer on the arguments of curtailing pornography, there are indeed striking wiles concerning its total control. Craven argues that â€Å"most rational people can agree that behavior that does harm could be categorized as immoral, evil or wrong† (p. 6). Such belief is rooted on several values and ideals promoted by an individual’s affiliation. On the other hand, proponents and advocates wouldn’t care less especially if the issue of pornography raises the economic status of individuals. The profitability of the new industry especially with the consistent development of technology makes it feasible for individuals to dwell in the practice. The Ethics Religious Liberty Commission says that â€Å"pornography revenue exceeds the combined revenues of all professional, baseball, football, and basketball franchises and the combined revenues of ABC, CBS, and NBC. † (p. 1) Seeing such patronage only means one thing, people tolerate pornography. I am not saying that it should be left alone. There must be a responsible practice among members of society to actively regulate the amount of information given. This especially applies to children below 18 years of age. By doing this, children are protected from whatever information that can be obtained from these websites. In addition, monitoring mechanisms must be put in place to safeguard the interest of children. In the end, though the debate concerning pornography may reach a stalemate, each individual has the capability to ask responsibly. Yes, the principles of values, freedom, and morality are all in place. What individuals must do is to create a responsible practice of these actions. By doing so, they may have an objective approach in dealing with the said issue.

Personal Development Portfolio (PDP) for Education Studies

Personal Development Portfolio (PDP) for Education Studies This report aim is to develop and produced a Personal Development Portfolio (PDP). The Higher Education Academy (2010) defines PDP as a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development. PDP group learning approaches, doing, recording, ideas, experiences, reflection and planning of goals to be achieved. It will help to understand and improve performance, identify qualities, skills and attributes and help to achieve these goals. 2.0 My profile I will now give a brief description of myself. I was born on the 20 February 1987 at 00.00 sharp. The doctor didnt know which date to insert on the birth certificate. However after consulting my parents, they decided to put my birth date on the 21 February 1987. I am a citizen on Mauritius a small tropical island in the Indian Ocean. My family consists of my father, mother, brother and sister. I am actually 23 years old. I did my O Level and A Level in 2004 and 2006 respectively. Furthermore, I started working as sales representation and promoted as sales executive after one year. In September 2007 I joined EIILM University for my degree program. I did my degree course in Bachelor in Business Administration and was graduated in July 2010. Please find attached my academic CV in the appendix 1. Mean while 2007- 2010, I have learned and experience many things. I have created my own event company in 2009 and went to different institution for training as internship. Finally after being graduated, I decided to join University of Hertfordshire for an Msc Management Program. The aim for doing the Masters program is to increase in maturity, learn new culture and extend my knowledge. My aim in life is to become a successful businessman and to have a big family. I did a personality test(2010) to understand what kind of personality suit me and results are: (SEE APPENDIX 2) Furthermore, to better understand my personality I decided to undertake various test such as learning style, leadership style, motivator test. Strength and weakness My strength are good communication skills, computer wizard, versatile, able to cope under pressure, can take quick decision. I work well in group and I am a good listener. I am punctual and am a good coordinator. I can convince people easily and put pressure on people where needed. I can adapt to change easily. My weaknesses are: I am very stubborn and I never leave a job without finishing it. I am sometimes short temper when people argue on wrong issue. I am usually a practical type of person and does not use the theory part in general. I generally get bored easily with repetitive or routine work. 3.0 Theories 3.1 Learning style Kolb (1985) in Mullins L.J. (2007) identifies a 4 learning style: Accommodative: strong preference for concrete experience and active experimentation. Divergent: Preference for a concrete experiences, but to reflect on these from different perspectives. Assimilative: prefers to swing between reflection and conceptualization and will use inductive reasoning to develop new theory. Convergent: Prefers to apply ideas, will take an idea and test it out in practice However, Fleming J. (2001) in Pritchard A. (2008) argued that there are four learning styles how people collect information: Visual: This kind of learners tends to learn by seeing things. Ex. Charts, graphs, diagrams, arrows, symbols, etc. Auditory: This type of learners prefers to learn by listening through lectures, tutorials, group discussions, etc. Reading: This type of learners prefer to learn through reading books, novels, magazines, newspapers, articles, etc. Kinesthetic: This kind of learners prefers to learn by practically doing things. They very good at remembering things and physical experiencing with memory. Moreover, Honey and Mumford in Marchington M and al. (2008) develop a similar learning style. They are classified as: Activists: learn best by active involvement in concrete tasks, and from relatively short tasks. Reflectors: learn best by reviewing and reflecting upon what has happened in certain situations (stand back, listen and observe) Theorists: learn best when new information can be located within the context of concepts and theories. Pragmatists: learn best when they see a link between new information and real-life problems and issues and put it into practice. Kolb (1985) model, Fleming J. (2001) model and Honey and Mumford learning model shows basically the same. Each one of them has a different way of interpreting the 4 types of learning style. I have done two learning style test which is the VARK learning questionnaire and the Honey and Mumford learning questionnaire. The results of both are illustrated below: Scores for VARK learning model questionnaire (2010) were: Visual: 3 Aural: 6 Read/Write: 4 Kinesthetic:5 (SEE APPENDIX 2A) Honey and Mumford learning model questionnaire (2010) score are: Activists: 2 Reflectors: 10 Theorists: 5 Pragmatists: 7 (SEE APPENDIX 2B) Both test proven that I am an aural and reflectors. It shows that I learn better by listening, experiencing things and thinking well. I always learn better by listening and processing it in my memory rather than reading or watching things. My past experience showed me that I am a Reflector because I think well before taking any decision. In the past I was not taking much time in thinking well before doing something, but with time I have developed a more reflector approach. This is because with experience people learn from their errors and improve them to be more productive and effective. Sir Winston Churchill (1965) said that Success is the ability to go from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm. I have taken many good decisions in my life and these decisions were taken after having well thought and gather information. Examples are creating my own event company, joining University of Hertfordshire, choosing management field and my day to day activities. However, I would have liked to be a pragmatist because it is important to link out the theories with real life. I need to improve more on the pragmatist part to become a more successful person in the future. 3.2 Leadership style Leadership style is the approach used and way of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Lewin K. and al. (1939) identifies 3 different styles of leadership. Authoritarian or autocratic Participative or democratic Delegative or Free Reign Normally good leaders use a combination of the two or three styles, and bad leaders tend to stick with one style only. Essortment (2010) indicate 4 types of leadership style: Autocratic: manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. It is a one way communication. Bureaucratic: manager manages by the book. Everything must be done according to procedure or policy. Democratic: is also called the participative style. It encourages employees to be a part of the decision making and work as a team. Laissez-faire: manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. Essortment (2010) and Lewin K. and al. (1939) identified mostly the same type of leadership style. Many other authors came out with similar leadership style and they have simplified it. I took a Quiz Whats Your Leadership Style (2010). The result of the quiz shows that my leadership style was a mixture of Authoritarian and Participative (SEE APPENDIX 3). Normally in life, I use more of participative leadership style. Tuckman B.W (1965) in Mullins (2007) defines group as the interactions within and between groups and the stable arrangement that results from them.This is because I believe in work in group and two way communications give better ideas and solution. I also use authoritarian leadership style not too often. Due to circumstances I have to adapt myself and use autocratic leadership style. Normally I use autocratic leadership style with Theory X people. McGregor (1957) in Beardwell I. and al (2004) indicate than Theory X people are people that has an inherent dislike of work and are very lazy to work on their own whereas Theory Y people physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. So I must make use of power to be able to make the Theory X people to work and form part of the group. 3.3 Motivators Hertberg (1950) in Davis, K. (1981) developed a motivational model and called it as two-factor model. It consists of: Maintenance factors: It includes work itself achievement, possibility of growth, responsibility, recognition. Motivational factors: It includes status, peer relations, relations with subordinates, relation with supervisors, quality of supervision, company policy and administration, job security, working conditions, pay, bonus and salaries. Another guru in theories of motivation is Abram Maslow. Maslow A. (1943) came up with a hierarchy of 5 level needs. Maslow A. says that people are motivated according to their needs. As people are always greedy in life, when they achieve physiological needs they will not be motivated by same reward. They will focus on the next level to safety needs and so on. I have undertaken a motivational behavior test (2010) and the results are as follows: (SEE APPENDIX 4) Actually I am a very motivated person. When I start something, I like to finish it for a self satisfaction. I sometimes have a strong drive for completing important tasks, but I will often not be driven if I do not feel the task is important enough. I am somewhat motivated by the possibility of a reward for completing a task. I like the sound of a reward (such as a promotion or winning a bet) but it only moderately helps me to focus on a task and get it done. I am motivated to avoid things that I dont like. 3.4 Myers Briggs type indicator The MBTI was developed by Isabel Briggs-Myers (1897 1979) and her mother Katherine Cook-Briggs. The teambuilding company (2010) says that MBTI is a mean to raise awareness and increase understanding of yourself and others in your team and to value the differences between you. At the end of the workshop you will write a personal action plan which will contribute to you and your teams development. In MBTI there are four polar extremes: Extrovert to Introvert (E to I) Sensation to Intuition (S to N) Thinking to Feeling (T to F) Judging to Perceiving (J to P) I undertaken the Myers Briggs Test and my result is as follows: Myers Briggs Test (2010) Results Extroverted (E) 58.82% Introverted (I) 41.18% Sensing (S) 67.74% Intuitive (N) 32.26% Thinking (T) 62.16% Feeling (F) 37.84% Judging (J) 64.71% Perceiving (P) 35.29% (SEE APPENDIX 5) My type is: ESTJ. This indicates that I am an Extroverted, Sensing, Thinking and judging person in life. Before taking a decision, I will gather as much information needed and think well based on actual figures. This will help to be more successful. In the past I have think well before choosing the management field. Ive chosen management field because business will search continuously for the best businessman to run its business. As I have created my own company and wish to be a very famous businessman in life, I have chosen the management field which will help me in improving my knowledge and experience. 3.5 Johari Window Luft J. et al (1970) in West, R. Turner, L.H. (2008) came up with a model named Johari Window. It helps to understand how known you are to yourself and others. There are four components in the window: Open self / Arena: It includes the behavior known by others and self. Hidden self / Facade: It includes the behavior known by self only. Blind self / Blind spot: It includes the behavior unknown by self and known by others. Unknown self: It includes the behavior neither known by self nor by others. I have taken the Johari window test and the results proven that I am a hidden self and mostly unknown self. It shows that people and I dont know about my behavior. This helps me work effectively in group and help to create a positive and friendly atmosphere. 3.6 Belbins team role Team building (2010) explains that: The team roles identified by Belbin are based on certain patterns of behavior that people exhibit within teams. These patterns of behavior can potentially have an impact on the performance of the team. There are nine team roles in Belbins model: Action Oriented Role: Implementer Turn ideas into action Shaper It is a goal directed person. The shaper dynamic like challenges and is courageous Completer/Finisher This strengths are meticulousness, attention to detail and the ability to meet deadlines. People Skills Oriented Role: Coordinator It enables and facilitates interaction and decision making. Team worker It is a good listener, being collaborative, co-operative, easy going and tactful. Resource Investigator It is an enthusiastic explores. Cerebral/Intellectual Role: Planter Its strength is in problem solving and out-of-the-box thinking. Monitor/Evaluator It is a good judgment and good strategic thinking ability. Specialist It is a single minded person and has a specific skill. I have undertaken the test of 123test (2010) of Belbin team role (2010) and my results are as follows: (SEE APPENDIX 6) The test shows that I have nine team roles are the Executive, Explorer, Innovator, Analyst, Driver, Chairman, Completer, Team player and Expert. 4.0 Conclusion Finally to conclude my PDP, I will prepare a SMART action plan for my future. SMART stands for: S Specific M Measurable A Achievable R Relevant T Timely I want to work either in a European countries or USA for 4- 5 years before going back to my country. The aim behind this is to enhance my knowledge and experience. I also want to do another Masters in accounting. This is because to be able to manage a company well, I will need to understand in dept all the cost and revenue of the company. Moreover, I would like to meet famous and successful businessman in the world and attend some of their talk so as to increase my experience. Based on the different personality test (motivators, leadership style, learning style, Johari window etc) completed, I would like to use the critics to improve myself in the future. Johari window will help me lots in the future because there are personality type in me which I havent develop and seen yet. Leadership style test also will help me. I will become a manager in the future, to be a successful one mean to adapt to situation. I will need to learn more how to use all the types of leadership style. 5.0 References: Essortment (2010) Style of leadership Available from [http://www.essortment.com/all/leadershipstyle_rrnq.htm] [Accessed 28/12/2010] Fleming J. (2001) Leadership Styles in Pritchard, A. (2008). Ways of Learning: Learning theories Learning Styles in the Classroom. 2nd edition. London: David Fulton Publishers. Hertzberg. (1950). Hertzbergs Two factor Model in Davis, K. (1981). Human Behavior at Work Organization Behavior. 6th edition. London: McGrawHill, Inc. Honey and Mumford Learning style in Marchington M. and Wilkinson A. (2008) Human Resource Management at work 4th Edition Devon: Short Run Press Honey and Mumford learning questionnaire (2010) Learning style test Available from [http://www.rapidbi.com/created/learningstyles.html] [Accessed 28/12/2010] Kolb (1985) Learning styles in Mullins, L.J. (2007). Management and organisational behaviour. 8th Edn Harlow: Pearson Education Lewin, K., LIippit, R. and White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301 Luft, J. Ingham, H. (1970). The Johari Window in West, R. Turner, L.H. (2008). Understanding Interpersonal Communication: Making Choice in Changing Times. 2nd edition. Boston: Cengage Learning, Inc. Maslow A. (1943) Hierarchy of motivation needs Available from: [http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp] [Accessed 30/12/2010] McGregor (1957) Theory X and Y in Beardwell I., Holden L and Claydon T. (2004) Human Resource Management, A contemporary Approach 4th Edn Harlow: Pearson Education Motivational behavior test (2010) Available from: [http://www.learnmyself.com/personality.asp?p=Quick_Testpg=2u=MBx2x557627-29345x59eF5x1] [Accessed 29/12/2010] Myers Briggs Type Indicator test Personality test Available from: [http://sminds.com/cgi-bin/mbti.pl] [Accessed 03/01/2011] Personality Test (2010) Available from: [http://www.learnmyself.com/personality.asp?p=Quick_Testi=PIsh=y] [Accessed 03/01/2011] Quiz Whats you leadership style (2010) Available from: [http://psychology.about.com/library/quiz/bl-leadershipquiz.htm] [Accessed 04/01/2011] Sir Winston Churchill (1965) Failure and Success Quotes Available from: [ http://www.inspirationalspark.com/failure-quotes.html] [Accessed 03/01/2011] Team building (2010) Belbin Team Roles Available from: [http://www.teambuildingportal.com/articles/systems/belbin-team-roles] [Accessed 05/01/2011] The Higher Education Academy (2010) Personal Development Planning Available from: [http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/ourwork/teachingandlearning/pdp] [Accessed 05/01/2011] The teambuilding company (2010) Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI Available from: [http://www.teambuilding.co.uk/myers-briggs-mbti-team-theory.html] [Accessed 04/01/2011] Tuckman (1965) in Mullins, L.J. (2007). Management and organisational behaviour. 8th Edition Harlow: Pearson Education VARK test (2010) Learning style test Available from: [http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnaire] [Accessed 28/12/2010] 123test (2010) Belbin team role test (2010) Available from: [ http://www.123test.com/team-roles-test/][Accessed 28/12/2010]

The Entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business Essay

The Entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business Essay With the deepening of globalization, many of the research show that network become an important element for the company which want to entry into new marketing, bring a great profit. Many kinds of network are found by the researchers. Explore network is a major work for the entrepreneurs. During the entrepreneurial process, networks could be change in the different process; entrepreneurs changed the network with aim of developing the company. Base on these 3 cases, in this thesis we focus on this main question: How to change the role of entrepreneurial network during the different entrepreneurial processes and what kind of impacts will impact on the entrepreneurial process? In the first chapter, we decide to introduce background about entrepreneurial network and talk about main idea of this topic. Then find some theories to support this topic, In searching the model of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model made by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for our analyze. After then, based on the three cases, give some opinions to analyses these cases, and put forward some discussion about what kind of entrepreneurial network during the different entrepreneurial process, and to explain why this phenomenon would be exist? Finally, we can draw conclusion, different contexts of the entrepreneurial process, the company has to establish different networks. INTRODUCTION In this part, we provide background information and which field is this paper study in. In addition, it concludes what we want to answer and which method we want to use. By reading all three cases, there comes an essential idea to show that entrepreneurial network is helpful for an entrepreneur. It helps entrepreneur start them enterprise and help him to produce successful products. And entrepreneurial network is kind of special channels which new venture enterprises obtain information, resources and social support. Researcher shows that entrepreneurial network have influence the growth of the new enterprise, as well as found that is the causal relationships between entrepreneurial network and the phase of growing enterprise (Donckel Lambrechet,1996). And also by this article mentioned that the products of the enterprise want to get considerable development and innovation, It must be focus on communicating with cooperation partners, customers and suppliers. Innovation network plays a positive role in the development of new enterprise (Duchesneau Gartner, 1988). Butler and Hansen (1991) have explained that a successful enterprise needs development the importance of networking in entrepreneurial process. Accordingly, there is indeed our understanding as follow questions: (1) What entrepreneurial network is and how they operate within process in the enterprise? (2)What is the role of entrepreneurial network during the entrepreneurial process ¼Ã… ¸ The first question seems important to three cases which the enterprise established an entrepreneurial network to help to creating new products and selling well in markets, and then growing his venture. Furthermore, our group is interested in this field of the entrepreneur use different networks in different ways. By focusing each case on both the start-up and the on-going this studies tries to give an overview about entrepreneurial networks in their different phase. With the tendency of internationalization and globalization, to extend that the role of entrepreneurial network is also very significant in those develop of three firms. Those three entrepreneurs would not just only depend on themselves alone to achieve their goals. And then our group suggested that a successful entrepreneur, they need supports from external actor such as other similar functions firms, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues. Before we further analyze the role of network within entrepreneurial process. In other words, how we needs entrepreneurial network in different operating process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡ THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Entrepreneurial Network Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of entrepreneurial research, as well as the degree of raising attention to network, entrepreneurial network has become an important role in the field of business. However ¼Ã…’the researchers also admitted that theory of entrepreneurial network is still researching in this domain because it is lack of the core of the definition. Based on the existing research, follow this part with discussing different scholars from the different definition of entrepreneurial network, and then there will be a relatively systematic explanation about entrepreneurial network. Szarka (1990) divided entrepreneurial networks into three components: transaction networks, communication networks and social networks. The transaction network is defined as commercial exchange trade between other company and other organizations, and its formed by the trading partners of the firm. The transaction network is interacts with the communication network and the social networks. The communication network (Szarka 1990) describe that is the the small firm need collection of those organizations and individuals to fill up the non-trading links which inform its business activities such as consultants and banks, the local and central government and its agents or distributor. Communication content (Aldrich and Whetten 1981) describe that can be formal or informal is the passing of information one person to another.Szarka (1990) intention the social network is formed by family, friends and acquaintances. Such contacts are important because they have an impact upon the development o f their firm. However, the different identification was done by Birley (1985). He divides entrepreneurial networks into two form: formal and informal. Formal networks include relations to, for example, banks, accountants, etc. Informal network is relations with family members, friends, colleagues or employers and acquaintances or customers. Bryson et al. (1993) divided entrepreneurial networks into three categories: demand-related networks, supply-related networks, and support network. Bryson et al. (1993) have emphasized informal support networks, but not social networks. According to Bryson et al. (1993), the demand-related network comprises ties closely with clients, which aim to obtaining new business with the maintenance or establishment of contacts with clients. The second type that is the supply-related network covers network ties associated with the cooperative supply of service or product. The third considers of support networks, their function such like banks, business advisers, family and friends. Butler and Hansen (1991) identify three types of networks: social network, business focused network and inter-organizational strategic network. They suggest that at the entrepreneurial process of a business, the social network provide ideas for the entrepreneur. The business focused networks then develops gradually and is influenced by the nature of the entrepreneurs social network. The final stage, that is the ongoing phase, inter-organizational strategic networks not only reduce the firms risk of failure but also provide advantages which are not obtainable as an isolated entity. In this study, entrepreneurial networks are defined as personal relationships between an entrepreneur and his external actors (Aldrich and Zimmer 1985, Birley 1985, Johannisson 1986).The external actors (outsiders) would conclude two parts, such as individuals or organizations. If entrepreneurs want to obtain necessary resources, they should build up such network relationships (contacts). Above the scholars describe the analysis of the entrepreneurial network .We can concept that is affiliate of the multiple actors and connections superposed to become the integrity of the network in the development process of entrepreneurs or new innovation enterprise. 2.2 Different process in entrepreneurial networks The role of entrepreneurial networks in relation to new business development is a dynamic process. Importantly, networks are not static: they are dynamic (Birley and Cromie 1988, Butler and Hansen 1991). That means the phases of a business venture needs enrich their network. So the network have to be developed in different types of process, which the firm needs expanding function support and strategic change. For example, social networks are very important in the beginning of the entrepreneurial process (Birley 1985, Butler and Hansen 1991), while business networks are important in the start-up phase of a firm (Chu 1996, Greve 1995). For an on-going business firm, links with other organizations, particularly links with other firms become important because inter-organizational networks that include supporting agencies (government institutions, banks ) and other firms(large or small firms) are a way to protect information and ensure resource about exploring markets and channels for ent repreneurs. This enhances their position and allows them to compete more effectively (Aldrich, Reese, and Dubini 1989, Aldrich and Zimmer 1986). To understand networks requires an understanding of the dynamic pattern of networks. Figure 2.1 illustrates the dynamic nature of the entrepreneurial networks. However, Birley and Cromie (1988) analyze only social and professional networks during the early stages of a firm. Chu (1996) also found that by maintaining the existing networks and seeking new members, members appropriate for different phases join the network, improving the chances for the business to progress. Those three entrepreneurs in our three cases would not just only depend on themselves alone to achieve their goals. To do a successful entrepreneur, they need supports and resources from external network which could keep their companies produce the creative and attractive products, such as other similar functions firms, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues. As mentioned above, (Ostgaard and Birley1996) recently studied the effectiveness of personal networks in terms of firm performance and growth. The findings confirmed the importance of networks for firm performance and development. However, the supporting network is the most important for on-going firms. According to Curran et al. (1993) article, support networks provide advice, information, and capital to firms. However, these variables are important for researching entrepreneurial networks. Studies on Entrepreneurial network mainly based on connecting theory in network. In 1991, Butler and Hansen also evaluate a model of entrepreneurial network. They make a use of their entrepreneurial network model to research the influence of entrepreneurial opportunities, to test and use of networks in the development of establishing businesses, and to explore the process in the role of inter-organizational network, especially the process of start-up firms and on-going firms. However, entrepreneurial networking is a dynamic process. The members in networks and their roles change over time. 2.3 Model Entrepreneurial network and behavior of Entrepreneur are the typical sides of contemporary entrepreneurship research. The behavior of entrepreneur always limit to the specific network scenarios. In one aspect, entrepreneurial network influence entrepreneur. Meantime, entrepreneurs are changing the structure, function and relationship of the network. Although network researchers like Falemo (1989) found that developed networks are one important way for a manager to acquire resources to the firm, the question is how to develop such networks. Our group were interesting about the Larson Starrs Model to explain the degree of choosing network to obtain the entrepreneurial network. Larson Starrs Model is the foundation model of entrepreneurial network. Larson and Starrs (1993) stage network model of organization formation explains how exchange relationship transform from a set of relatively simple dyadic exchanges into a dense set of stable, multidimensional inter-oganizational relationships. Certain relationship are selected, added, dropped, or allowed to evolve while the entrepreneur culls and grows the range of possible critical resource providers for a new venture (Larson and Starr, 1993). In searching the model of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model made by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for us to analysis the three cases in order to find out the answer of our questions. In this model, they combined both Larson Starrs Model and Sawhney and Zabins thoughts. Not only focused on transformation process which divided into three stages such as focusing on the essential dyads, converting dyadic ties to socio-economic, Layering the exchanges (Larson and Starr (1993)), but also focused on the relational organization during running a firm.( Sawhney Zabin (2002)). Figure 2.2 Model combining relational equity (Sawhney and Zabin, 2002) and organization formation(Larson and Starr, 1993* ) (Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010)) P1. Firm owners recognize challenges (or opportunities) that transform their strategy from one of competition to cooperation with other similar businesses. P2. Resource exchange relationships are vital for development/advancement of a network. P3. Managing and maintaining a network as a viable organization requires varied and continuous member interactions and perceptions of direct business benefits derived from cooperation.(Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010)) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢ METHODS In this chapter we will conclude the research methods adapt to our study. We will provide explanation to our choices of the accepted research methods as we go along with describe as follow: This article was conducted in three independent cases of small born global companies in terms of network. The case method facilitates a deeper understanding of the context (Yin, 2003). All three companies were established around 1980 in northern part of Sweden and acquired some financial aids from Swedish Government at the initial stage of the business. In all three cases the founders started their business on their own. They started companies on the basis of their family without external person. All of the entrepreneurs in those firms had a one man show and owner, CEO, responsible for production and development. The principal data used in this article consisted of case and theory data. The case data includes the conduction of research in these areas namely internationalization, entrepreneurship, and strategy. The data was collected through snowball sampling. Potter (1996) explains the snowball method as one that begins with a purposive sample in which key informant that can provide important insights are selected. Snowball sampling can be placed within a wider set of link-tracing methodologies that seek to take advantage of the social networks of identified respondents and provide a researcher with an ever-expanding set of potential contacts (Spreen, 1992). Except the owner, managers, former employees, business partners, friends, family members, suppliers, and customers all made some contribution to the date gather. The theory data were collected through internal reports, newspaper articles, annual reports, thesis, photograph, and articles on the internet. Its a second hand data. It can enhance reliability and content validity. There are two fold of purpose for using this kind of data: firstly, to enrich the empirical case with multiple descriptions, which improve its trustworthiness and enhances content validity (Rouse and Daellenbach, 1999); secondly, to enhance reliability by triangulating the data method (Creswell, 1994). The main database we use is the google scholar. We try to find the theory and models about network. After reading the data, we find out a question we want to focus on. Next we select the model and use the model to analysis the three cases. Then we analysis and discuss the cases, we get our own conclusion and set up our own model in the ending. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £ CASES 4.1 Polaris Group Staffan Preutz, the owner of Polaris, set up his networks which help him a lot in his business when he is young. Also he tries anyway he can do to establish the network. Polaris group is privately-owned niche company that manufactures and sells rimless eyewear. From 1979 to 2007, this company has a well development. The total sales and foreign sales were increased stably. And the number of employees increased rapidly in the first 6 years, then went down, and increased again. In these years, Palaris is designing, forming, developing, and selling a wide range of rimless eyewear. Its main market is Japan and United Kingdom. In the process of establishing and developing the company, the owner of this companyStaffan Preutzs network really help it. When Preutz was 15 years old, he worked in his fathers shop. At the same time, his hometown was invaded by people from outer space. These were young boys around 20-25 years old from different parts of Europe, which were hitch hiking to North Cape in Norway. When the young Preutz was bicycling to and from his fathers shop he used to meet these hitchhikers sitting beside the roads and waiting for cars to give them a ride. Usually he stopped and tries talking to them for a while. Outside Boden, the family had an old little barn which was previously used to store food in. Preutz cleaned the both floors of this barn, furnished it with some old beds and started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers. He continued this business for five summers until he was 20 years old. During these years, he established many connections, which he still has today. In 1963, when Staffan Preutz is 22, he found an exhibition catalog with the name and addresses to ten eyewear manufacturers in Europe. His aim was to be able to learn from the manufacturers and at the same time visit his friends (from the youth hostel) in Europe. During these years, Staffan worked as an optician in his fathers shop. As one of the five members of the product council of Synsam, Staffan was responsible for negotiation and purchasing of new joint collections for the chain. In several occasions he also suggested outlines for collections exclusively made only for the Synsam chains. Consequently, he got the opportunity to travel for shorter periods to different parts of Europe. All the traveling made him able to develop a network with important players in the industry. In Staffans opinion, one of the main reasons to internationalize his business was to travel and meet new people. With visiting foreign friends, his network starts to work in the international market. Although his aim was never been solely to make money, the staff need to follow his heart and try to have fun with themselves because of the high stress. So many partners decided to leave the company. Also, Staffan has done another something which is helped to his network. He had written a letter to the Swedish King and Queen explaining that he own a small company in North and he is aware that there is an honor and great benefit if they wearing his glasses when they are going to visit the Olympics in the United States. The King and Queen thought he had nice glasses and he wanted Staffan to go to Stockholm. So, Staffan travels down to Stockholm, and together with the king and queen he designs a set of eyewear for each, which later was marketed as Royal Polaris. This behavior helps the company to enter into the international market. With the network, Staffan had run a great business. But in these years, he met a problem that together with himself, also his personal networks are getting older and older. The only country, which he feels that he still can maintain and develop his networks within, is in Japan where high age brings more respect. 4.2 Index Braille Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedt , the runner of a high quality and technically Printer company, is differ from ordinary people when he is young. He starts his company in order to help the people like his mother. Index Braille AB is a privately-owned company which manufactures and sells high quality and technically advanced Braille printers. The company was set up in 1982 by Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedt. From 1982 to 2007, the company has become well established. The sales have increased fastly from 1995. And the number of employee changed from 2 to 13. When Bjà ¶rn Là ¶fstedts childhood friends describe him as a man who didnt care what the others thought, but did go his own ways. He learned technology because his interest. After he graduated from university, he continued to work at the expanding university as a research assistant. As his mother was blind and used to work as administrative assistant, it is not easy for her to use the normal typewriter. In order to make it easier for her, Bjà ¶rn started to think about how to make a braillewriter. While working as research assistant at the university, he saw the chance to make the idea come true. Bjà ¶rn started to work this project, and also managed to involve his colleague Torvald Lundqvist in. In 1980, he managed to persuade one governmental agency and the university board to borrow some money for this project. After four years hard work, in 1983, the first product started to be finalized. At this time, the two partners had different opinions. Torvald thought its time to earn some money, but Bjà ¶rn thought there were still a lot of improvements. How since they need additional money, Bjà ¶rn asked Rolf à ¶sterberg to join the company. In 1984, once the product was finished and the agreement with the Norwegians was terminated, Bjà ¶rn started to look at opportunities for selling products abroad. He started his longest foreign trip ever by travelling around to different countries and demonstrating the product for these distributors. Then, Index started to get more and more orders, so Bjà ¶rn asked his closest friend, Staffan Syk to help him. After a few golden years, Index started to have major external and internal problems. Between 1984 and 1988 the firm grows from 2 persons to 12 persons, consisting of friends, wives, other family members and acquaintances. This had eventually led to the fact that Index had lost its main focus. All respondents mention these years as total chaos and anarchy. Everybody was doing what he or she believed in and there was no common focus for Index. Then in 1988, Index was divided into two different firms, Index Braille Printer Company and Polar Print AB. Staffan and his wife started Polar Print AB as an independent Swedish distributor. At the same time, Bjà ¶rn still want to sell his products aboard. After overcome the financial challenging, Bjà ¶rn started to enter world market again. This time, he already had a functioning network, so he is more specific in choosing the markets and distributors he want to deal with. This help Bjà ¶rn in expand company as he met other challenges. Also, his choice of focusing on the quality of the products first not the money helps the company development. In 1995, the company started to increase very fast. 7 years later, the sales reached 35000 SEK. Finally, as a result, he is succeeded in internationalization. 4.3 Liko AB The present owners of Liko AB( the company is still privately owned by the Liljedahl family),Gunnar and Brabro Liljedahl were founded the company in 1979. The companys name an abbreviation of Liljedahl Konstruktion AB. Liko mainly focus on development ,manufacturing, and marketing of patient lifts, but do also produce stationary lifting, mobile lifting, horizontal lifting, slings, leg extenders and other accessories for heavy lifting. Liko holds about 60 percent on the Swedish market,45 percent on the Scandinavian market. Liko is ranked the third largest company within this segment having about 20 percent of the world market share. Before he have the ability of decision maker, he spent the 13 years as an employed inventor at the regional health council, travelling with occupational therapists and physiotherapists to construct individual aids for the handicapped. Gunnar had already established a company in 1970 once he left ASEA. The reason why he had established this firm ,Liljedahl Konstruktion ,was because Gunnar had at several times continued to help ASEA with single projects as a constructor .However, in 1977 once Gunnar decided to start selling the inventions of his own. Between 1977 and 1978 the turnover of the firm increased from 0 to15000SEK. In 1977,Gunnar start to realize the large potentials in the firm and therefore he borrowed money to start the new firm Liko which is a limited firm origination from the previous firm, Liljedahl Konstruktion.It is no easy task for Gunnar to establish and develop Liko. He invested by loan on his parents house and land in a small industry building and just himself employee to produces the furniture leg extenders as well as selling very well. Thought the shed of building came to be rebuilt and extended .As Gunnar was solving disablers problems; he also got the possibility to get familiar with existing products in health care. So his new products invented for lifting the patient which make more and more people and organizations interesting through spread in the country .From now on Likos growth was tremendous. To be able to have high product quality and low sound level, Gunnar had to buy the best engines available. As he said: Competitors didnt realize the importance of having engines that are more safe, durable and silent than the ones used so far .I wanted the best which was the Swiss made engines. However ,I only needed 100 for fulfilling the order ,but I realized that I would get much better price if I bought more and therefore I gambled by buying 1000 engines from the firm which imported the engines to Sweden. I remember that the sellers at the firm I bought the engines from thought I was a crazy Norrlander since they had never sold so many at one time. I took a great risk and tied-up lots of money in these engines, but I was sure that these were the right engines to use in a sickroom at a hospital. At this time, Gunnar had started to travel around Sweden and participate in different domestic trade fairs to promote this product. When you are in a small niche market as we are ,then the market is very limited in terms of turnover ,and therefore, if you want to grow ,there is no other option than starting to export. I had the philosophy that every sale outside the province in North of Sweden was exporting since you couldnt take care of everything yourself and must rely on others .For me the Nordic countries were like a home market. It didnt matter if I was exporting to Stockholm or Norway, the distance was the same and both dialects sounded strange .Also, the intensive competition in Sweden due to the number of domestic manufacturers within this segment forced me to look at opportunities abroad. In 1986, Gunners brother as his assistance in exporting the international markets. Already the next year, the company entered the German, American, and Canadian markets .Excluding Germany, this entrance was in opposite to what the traditional stage models propose .The normal path would have been to continue the market entry to other countries in Europe before entering markets outside Europe. Interestingly, the company did enter the US market before the non-Nordic countries .A time after closing the US sales office, Liko found a well-established US distributor to promote Likos product in North America. Followed the case description, we can conclude that the network is in focuses. Every phase of entrepreneurial process, the network play an important role to develop a firm. The entrepreneurial network is the best way to unify the variety types of network and specifically analysis the entrepreneur decision what the enterprise should do in different phase of process. Consequently, we can summarize that the Likos core competence is the dynamic entrepreneurial network. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¤ DISCUSSION On account of all three cases, continued-changing network is the key point. In the start-up of the firm, family network is the core network between relatives, friends and acquaintances; during the entrepreneurial process, the network sustaining expand, concluding social network and business network. Entrepreneurs obtain the chance to cooperate with some other companies or agencies, thus, richer network is accumulated so that more and more opportunities will be found. Entrepreneurial network is the holistic network consists of entrepreneurs or start-up enterprise affiliate of multiple subjects, multiple relationship super positions during the entrepreneurial process. The research about the form of entrepreneurial network includes two aspects, the organization network (official network) and entrepreneurs personal network (informal network). Entrepreneurs with relatives, friends and individual establish network relationship is called the informal network; and financial institutions, sup pliers, customers, competitors formed networks is called the official network. In the initial stage of the entrepreneurial process, the entrepreneurs have to find opportunity and network from existing resources because of the lack of relation network, and then expand it step by step. 5.1 Startup network construction When the early network has been established, the Polaris entrepreneur was just a 15-year-old juvenile. He started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers and support map, food, bed for free to meet and talk to them and get many different cultures. Through such experiences, he established many connections, which he still has today. The previous social network has been established. Ozcan (1995) Further found that family is not only a source of employment, partnership. And the initial capital, but also affects the entrepreneurs choose the business. The social network can be divided into two parts including personal network and organizational work. As the figure 5.1 shows, in the start-up network, individual relationships are primarily concerned with business, and the blend point is less. In this stage, social network is more used than professional network. What is the most important thing is that he learned about different cultures, customs and traditions and how to deal with different natio nalities. In 1968, at the age of 27, he managed to persuade five opticians to start a new organization called the Synsam chain, and it is the largest optician chain in the Nordic countries with over 300 boutiques associated to it. The initial stage of entrepreneurial process is the most difficult because of the lack of relations, capital and resources. How can he gathered initial five opticians and had chance to develop the firm to the big one? Because he had worked as an optician in his fathers shop, so he had the chance to contact with some other opticians. This experience helps him a lot, for not only accumulated experience, also accumulated contacts. It is the social network, and contact networks are based on inter-personal relations. Without his fathers shop, there was impossible for him to organize a firm so effective and fast. The family network plays vital role in all phases whether it is in relation to the phases or in overall, and is the foundation among the other networks . The higher significance of family network cannot be easily explained only on the basis of economic factors. After being responsible for the chain, the entrepreneur would like to travel to different part of Europe to develop a network with important players in the industry. During his travelling, he tried his best to contact with customers and manufacturers,

Emersons self reliance :: essays research papers

R.W. Emerson’s Self-Reliance The essay has three major divisions: the importance of self-reliance (paragraphs 1-17), self-reliance and the individual (paragraphs 18-32), and self-reliance and society (paragraphs 33-50). As a whole, it promotes self-reliance as an ideal, even a virtue, and contrasts it with various modes of dependence or conformity. â€Å"Self-Reliance† Paragraphs 1-17. The Importance of Self-Reliance. Emerson begins his major work on individualism by asserting the importance of thinking for oneself rather than meekly accepting other people’s ideas. As in almost all of his work, he promotes individual experience over the knowledge gained from books: â€Å"To believe that what is true in your private heart is true for all men—that is genius.† The person who scorns personal intuition and, instead, chooses to rely on others’ opinions lacks the creative power necessary for robust, bold individualism. This absence of conviction results not in different ideas, as this person expects, but in the acceptance of the same ideas—now secondhand thoughts—that this person initially intuited. The lesson Emerson would have us learn? â€Å"Trust thyself,† a motto that ties together this first section of the essay. To rely on others’ judgments is cowardly, without inspiration or hope. A person with self-esteem, on the other hand, exhibits originality and is childlike—unspoiled by selfish needs—yet mature. It is to this adventure of self-trust that Emerson invites us: We are to be guides and adventurers, destined to participate in an act of creation modeled on the classical myth of bringing order out of chaos. Although we might question his characterizing the self-esteemed individual as childlike, Emerson maintains that children provide models of self-reliant behavior because they are too young to be cynical, hesitant, or hypocritical. He draws an analogy between boys and the idealized individual: Both are masters of self-reliance because they apply their own standards to all they see, and because their loyalties cannot be coerced. This rebellious individualism contrasts with the attitude of cautious adults, who, because they are overly concerned with reputation, approval, and the opinion of others, are always hesitant or unsure; consequently, adults have great difficulty acting spontaneously or genuinely. Emerson now focuses his attention on the importance of an individual’s resisting pressure to conform to external norms, including those of society, which conspires to defeat self-reliance in its members. The process of so-called â€Å"maturing† becomes a process of conforming that Emerson challenges. In the paragraph that begins with the characteristic aphorism â€Å"Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist,† he asserts a radical, even extreme, position on the matter.